THE TKEATY OF ISOl. ixi 



clianged their settlements, as hunting' nations are in the habit of doing. 

 Thus Pauline Marsh, near Silver Lake, and Pauline Lake, on one of the 

 head springs of Des Chutes River, were both named after the Snake chief 

 Panaina of our Texts. The bands established upon the Reservation since 

 the treaty was concluded are called Walpapi and Yahushkin. At first they 

 ran oft' and committed depredations in the vicinity, whereupon the Gov- 

 ernment was compelled to force them back. General Crook made several 

 expeditions in the execution of the task. These campaigns were short and 

 decisive, and the Klamath Lake scouts engaged in them did good service, 

 as evidenced by General Crook's reports * and Dave Hill's Text, pages 

 28-33. Upon the defeat and killing of Panaina, the Walpapi chief, the 

 tribe finally quieted down and remained neutral in the commotion caused 

 by the Modoc war of 1872-73. 



No indications are at hand of the number of Lidians formerly inhabit- 

 ing the headwaters of the Klamath River. Before the first census was 

 taken estimates deserving no credence were made, varying from one thou- 

 sand to two thousand Indians. In those times the scourges of small-pox, 

 syphilis, and whisky did not intiict such terrible ravages as they do now 

 among the Indians ; but instead of these the continual tribal quarrels, 

 family vengeance, the ordeals of witchcraft, dearth of food, and the inhu- 

 man treatment of the females must have claimed many more victims than at 

 present. Emigration and intermarriages with other tribes were rather the 

 exception than the rule, and are so even now. 



THE TREATY OF 1864. 



During the ten years following Wright's massacre the country began 

 to assume a somewhat difterent aspect through the agricultural and stock- 

 raising settlements of white people that sprung up in Lost River Valley, 

 around Little Klamath Lake and in other places. The cession of lands to 

 the "Oregon Central Military Road Company" from Eugene City, in Wil- 

 lamet Valley, through the Cascade range, across the Klamath Marsh, to 



•Contained in the Report of the Secretary of War, 1868-'69, Part I, pp 69, 70, 

 dated September 2, 1867, and March 19, 1868. The troops killed twenty-four Snakft 

 Indians in the expedition of 1867. See also Texts, Note to 28, 11. 



