LIST OF CAMPING PLACES. xxvii 



over," so that the running waters never swell, but show the same water level 

 throughout the year. Nights are chilly and really cold, for the soil reflects 

 against the clear sky all the heat received from the sun during the day, and 

 the dry night air pervading the highlands absorbs all the moisture it can. 

 Winters are severe; snow begins to fall early in November, and in the later 

 months it often covers the ground four feet high, so that the willow lodges 

 (not the winter houses) completely disappear, and the inmates are thus shel- 

 tered from the cold outside. The lakes never freeze over entirely, but ice 

 forms to a great thickness. The cold nights produce frosts Avhich are very 

 destructive to crops in the vicinity of the Cascade Range, but are less harm- 

 ful to gardening or cereals at places more distant ; and in Lost River Valley, 

 at Yiineks — even at Linkville — melons, turnips, potatoes, and other vegeta- 

 bles rarely fail. The mean annual temperature as observed some years ago 

 at Fort Klamath was 40.47° Fahr. 



There are several instances in America where highlands have become 

 centers of an aboriginal culture. Such instances are the plateaus of Ana- 

 huac, Guatemala, Bogota, and of Titicaca Lake. They contained a dense 

 population, more cultured than their barbaric neighbors, whom they suc- 

 ceeded in subjugating one aftei* the other through a greater centralization 

 and unity of power. Tlie Klamath highlands can be compared to the pla- 

 teaus above named in regard to their configuration, but they never nour- 

 ished a population so dense that it could exercise any power analogous to 

 that above mentioned. Moreover, there was no intellectual and centralizing 

 element among these Lidians that could render them superior to their neigh- 

 bors, all of whom maintained about the same level of culture and intelligence 



TOPOGRAPHIC LIST OF CAMPING PLACES. 



To form a correct idea ot the dissemination of Indians in this sparsely 

 inhabited countrj', the following lists of camping places will furnish service- 

 able data. The grounds selected by the ]\Iaklaks for camping places are 

 of two kinds: either localities adapted for establishing a fishing or hunting 

 camp of a few days' or weeks' duration or for a whole summer season, or 

 they are places selected for permanent settlement. Winter lodges (lulda- 

 nial/iksh) or slab houses are often built at the latter places: whereas the 



