FLORA AND FAUNA. xxiil 



the Cascade Range and its more humid atmosphere the less vegetation is 

 developed. The lake shores and river banks, when not marshy, produce 

 the Cottonwood tree and several species of willows, and tlie hills are covered 

 with the yellow or pitch pine and the less frequent western cedar. In the 

 western parts of the Reservation large tracts are timbered with pitch pine, 

 which seems to thrive exceedingly well upon the volcanic sands and de- 

 tritus of the hilly region. These pines (ko'sh) are about one hundred feet 

 in height, have a brownish-yellow, very coarse bark, and branch out into 

 limbs at a considerable height above the ground. They stand at intervals 

 of twenty to fifty feet from each other, and are free from manzanita bushes 

 and other undergrowth except at the border of the forest, leaving plenty of 

 space for the passage of wagons almost ever)- where. A smaller pine species, 

 Pinus contorta (kapka, in Modoc kuga), which forms denser thickets near the 

 water, is peeled b}^ the Indians to a height of twenty feet when the sap is 

 ascending, in the spring of the year, to use the fiber-bark for food. Up high 

 in the Cascade Range, in the midst of yellow pines, grows a conifera of taller 

 dimensions, the sugar-pine (kt^leam ko'sh). The hemlock or white pine 

 (wa'ko), the juniper (ktii'lo), and the mountain mahogany (yukmalam) are 

 found in. and south of Sprague River Valley. 



The lake shores and river banks produce more edible fruits and berries 

 tlian the marshy tracts; and it is the shores of Klamath and Tule Lakes 

 which mainly supply the Indian with the tule reed and scirpus, from which 

 the women manufacture mats, lodge-roofs, and basketry. The largest tule 

 species (ma-i) grows in the water to a height of ten feet and over, and in 

 tlie lower end of its cane furnishes a juicy and delicate bit of food. Woods, 

 river sides, and such marshes as Klamath Marsh, are skirted b}^ various 

 kinds of bushes, supplying berries in large quantities. The edible bulbs, 

 as camass, ko'l, I'ba, ipo, and others, are found in the prairies adjacent. 

 Pond-lilies grow in profusion on lake shores and in the larger marshes, 

 especially on the Wokash Marsh west of Linkville, and on Klamath Marsh, 

 as previously mentioned. The Lost River Valley is more productive in 

 many of these spontaneous growths than the tracts within the Reservation. 



It is claimed by the Klamath Lake Indians that they employ no drugs 

 of vegetal origin for the cure of diseases, because their country' is too cold 



