XXll ETHNOGRAPHIC SKETCH. 



a strong- bubbling motion, without any indication of other springs in tlic 

 vicinity. They are riiet witli in soil formed of volcanic sands and detritus, 

 have a rounded shape with steep borders, and form the principal feeders 

 of the streams into which they empty. Ponds like these mainly occur in 

 wooded spots. Some of them have a diameter of one hundred feet and 

 more, and are populated by fish and ampliibians of all kinds. 



The lake region east of the Reservation was often visited in the hunting 

 and fishing season by the Klamath Lake, Modoc, and especially by the 

 Snake Indians. Goose Lake was one of the principal resorts of the Snake 

 and the Pit River Indians; and even now the numerous rivulets flowing 

 into it make its shores desirable to American stockmen and settlers. Warner 

 (or Christmas) Lake, fully thirty-five miles in length, was once enlivened 

 by the ti'oops camping at Fort Warner, on its eastern side.* Chewaukan 

 Marsh (Tchua/e'ni) has its name from the tchua or "^ater potato", the 

 fruit of Sagittaria, and is by its outlet connected with Abert Lake. 



The Indians of the Reservation annually repair about the month of June 

 to Klamath Marsh (Ill-ukshi) to fish, hunt, and gather berries and w6kash 

 or pond-lily seed, which is one of their staple foods. Its surface is some- 

 what less than that of Upper Kla-nath L ike. Its shores are high on the 

 southeastern, low and marshy on the northwestern side. Water appears at 

 single places only, insufficient to warrant the marsh being called, as it often 

 is, a lake. 



The Oregonian portions of the country described belong politically to 

 Klamath and to Lake Counties, the county seats of which are Linkville 

 and Lakeview, on the northern end of Goose Lake. The latter place also 

 contains a United States land office. 



FLORA AND FAUNA. 



Vegetation usually gives a characteristic stamp to a country, but in 

 arid districts, as those of the Klamath highlands, it is rather the geological 

 features which leave an impress on our minds The further we recede from 



♦ Goose ami Warinr Lakes are described in Lieutenant Wheeler's Report, Annual 

 Report of Ciiief of Enjiineers, 1878 8°. Apiieiidix N N, pp. ILVfJO. Goose Lake, 

 by Stephen Powers, in "A Pou.v Riilc on Pit River," Overland Monthly of San Fran- 

 cisco, October, lt74, pp. 342-35L 



