Xviii ETHNOGKAPniC SKETCH. 



both form elongated troughs, uiul the waters escaping from thorn reach the 

 lowlands through deep cuts in tlie resistant material. Tlie difiference lies 

 only in this, that the drainage of the Klamath headwater basin has been 

 less complete than that of the Sacramento and upper Pit River; and large 

 ])ortions of its surface are still occupied by bodies of water. 



riie lakes which show the location of longitudinal faults are the more 

 shallow the more distant the)' are from the Cascade Range, and those which 

 Ijossess no visible outlet necessarily contain brackish water, as the alkaline 

 materials in them are not removed by evaporation. It is a noticeable fact 

 that those lakes 'vhich were nearest the seats and haunts of the Klamath 

 Indians are all disposed in one large circle: Klamath Marsh, Upper and 

 Lower Klamath Lakes, Rhett or Tule Lake, Clear or Wright Lake, Goose 

 Lake, Abert Lake, Summer Lake, Silver Lake with Pauline Marsh. Be- 

 sides this sevei'al other depressions now filled with marshes and alkali flats 



show the existence of former water-basins. 



J* 



TOPOGRAPHIC NOTES. 



The most prominent object of nature visible from the level parts of the 

 Klamath Reservation is the Cascade Range with its lofty peaks. Seen from 

 the east shore of Upper Klamath Lake, it occupies nearly one hundred and 

 fifty degrees of the horizon. Though Shasta Butte, visible on the far south, 

 does not properly belong to it, the ridge rises to high altitudes not very far 

 from there, reaching its maximum height in the regular pyramid forming- 

 Mount Pitt. This pyramid is wooded on its slopes, and hides several mount- 

 ain lakes — Lake of the Woods, Buck Lake, and Aspen Lake — on its south- 

 eastern base. Following in a northern direction ax'e Union Peak, Mount 

 Scott, and Mount Thielsen, with many elevations of minor size. At the 

 southwestern foot of Mount Scott lies a considerable lake basin about twenty 

 miles in circumference, and at some places two thousand feet below its rim. 

 The water being of the same depth, this ''Crater Lake" has been pointed 

 out as probably the deepest lake basin in the world (1,996 feet by one sound- 

 ing), and it also fills the largest volcanic crater known. At its southwestern 

 end a conical island emerges from its brackish waters, which is foi-med of 

 scorijip — proof that it was once an eruption crater. The altitude of the 



