PIT RIVER RAIDS. 25 



selludlshuk. Nddnnitaksni tamgno'tka; tind nat kdyak shen6tankatk, 



fighting. Three timea I was there; once we not at nil were fightinp, 



kinkdk i nat liiluagsla. Tchfn at nat at ga'tak nddni tdmgnotk. 



few only there wo enslaved. So I, when we qnit {fighting), three times had been there, 



NOTES. 



19. The long and fertile valley of the Pit River, an eastern affluent of the Sacra- 

 mento River, is inhabited by several tribes of Indians who speak dialects of the same 

 language family. Of llie peculiarities of these tribes, Stephen Powers has given the 

 first comprehensive sketch in the Overland Monthly, 1874, pp. 412-416, and in Contribu- 

 tions to North American Ethnology, vol. Ill, pji. 207-274. The various tribes greatly 

 difler in their physical and mental qualities. The Pacamallies, on Hat Creek, at the 

 lower end of the valley, were much dreaded by peaceable travellers on account of theii- 

 sudden attacks from an ambush. The Indians in Big Valley are a fleshy, stout, and 

 physically well-made people, while the Hot Spring Valley people has become deterio- 

 rated through jirolonged national misfortune. Against both of these the slaving raids 

 of the Klamaths and Modocs were mainly directed. 



19, 2. The raids were undertaken by the Klamaths and Modocs just before wokash- 

 time; that is, in April and May. They had no other purpose than to make slaves of 

 the females and children of the unwarlike, poor, and sufliering Pit River Indians, and 

 to keep them either at their homes o:' sell them for ponies, provisions, beads, etc., at the 

 Dalles to the Columbia River tribes. Adult men were not enslaved, but killed outright 

 if captm-ed. Similar instances of suppression of weaker tribes of the West by war- 

 like Indians who were theii- neighbors are those of the Kayuses on Middle Columbia 

 River, of the Yuki between Sacramento River and the Pacific Ocean, of the Hupa on 

 Trinity River, Cal., all of whom were, at the advent of the whites, the terror of the 

 districts surrounding their homes. 



19, 3. shliiotak for shlaiita ak ; the Pit Rivers ran away at the mere sight of the 

 Klamath men ; kd-i tata siukat, the Pit Rivers never killed any Klamath men. Both 

 statements are exaggerations; Hill's ovm account and Toby Riddle's biographic notice 

 tend to i^rove the contrary. 



19, 3. nellinat, or iieli'nat. When they had killed an enemy, they did not follow 

 the custom of the Oregonians of taking the scalij. This custom is not found among 

 any of the Central Califoriiiau tribes. 



19, 4. hu'stchok-huya ; by the sufQx huya, -uya, the action of the verb is shown to 

 take place at intervals, or in a small degree. "They did only little damage by killing 

 or massacring." Of. shenotank-huya, 20, 2, and -uya in the "List of SufiQxes". 



19, 4. tu'm tat sa. Change of the subjects iuti'oduced by the pronoun sha, sa, in 

 consecutive sentences, is sometimes observed, as here and in 19, 16 ; 20, 3. Hill often 

 uses sha when speaking of the Klamath Lake men, where nat, we, woidd be more 

 appropriate. 



19, 6. Kitclikanin nu for kitchkiini nft (or ni) nu. Pronouns and particles are 

 repeated quite frequently. 



19, 11. Wuksalks is a camping-place distant about six miles from LinkviUe. It 

 was not possible for me to obtain definite information about the trail followed most 

 generally in those rai(Ls, but Dave Hill said that from there they went due south. He 



