152 TOPOGRAPHY AND NATUEAL PliODUCTS. 



148, li-4. Ydnakiinin for yanakiinini ; cf. suffix -ui, -nini in Dictionary, ma'nsli for 

 ma'utcb. pa'shtak for jidhasht ak, cf. pa'sht, 147, 17. for p.lbaslit. 



148, f). XiVtak. This grass belongs to tbe genus Glyceriuin, as identified by Dr. 

 E. Foreman, and i)roduces a tiny, grayish bright seed of tchipash size. The flowers 

 are of a light red color. The grass is found around the agency buildings and grows 

 about one foot high. 



148, 7. PAwash properly means tongue. 



148, 11. Pfi'ks or camass. Its bulb is one of the princi[)al food-articles of all the 

 northwestern Indians, but does not grow in i)rofusion in the warmer portions of Cali- 

 fornia. It is of the magnitude of the walnut, very saccharine and nutritious, ripens 

 in May and Juno, and by the roasting or baking process described in the text becomes 

 as hard as stone. The MAklaks call it after pCi'ka to roafit^ the Shasti name is sok, the 

 Pit Eiver name ahual6, while the name kamas, "sweet," is of Nutka origin. The 

 botanists call the plant Scilla or (;amassia esculenta. Cf Ifote to 146, 1. 



148, 14. ipakt, metathesis of ipkat, tne conditional of ipka to lie there, to remain. 



148, 16. pul/uantch. The gathering of this pupa or chrysalid and of its caterpillar, 

 the s;feshl'sh, is chiefly done by the women of the tribes, who find them imbedded at 

 no great depth in the sandy ground around pine trees. Another chrysalid, the kidl'gs, 

 is collected and roasted by them in the same way and tastes like eggs, kshu'n pueti- 

 lank: putting grass under the chrysalids, not under the heated stones. The stones are 

 replaced by other heated ones, as soon as they have cooled oft"; the larva assumes a 

 black color after roasting and tastes like eggs. See pul;^uantch in Dictionary. 



148, 19. guijifakshii'migshta. The season of the year, when the exodus of the whole 

 tribe to Klamath Marsh takes place, where pond-lily seed is collected for the winter, 

 is about the middle of June. The ending ta is an abbreviation of the case suffix -tat. 

 Three seasons are stated in the text, when the peeling of the inner or fibre bark of 

 small pine trees is performed; of these the camass season precedes the exodus to 

 Klamath JMarsh by a few weeks only, and the fishing season lasts from February to 

 the end of the summer. Of course, the peeling of the k^pkapine coincides with the 

 season when the sap ascends through the young tree. The bark is removed from 

 about five feet to fifteen or twenty feet above the ground, and most of the beautiful 

 pines treated in this manner are doomed to premature decay, though many survive 

 the oijeration. The aspect of a forest with some of the pine trees peeled is rather 

 singular. 



148, 21. shanks hak, contraction of shankish hak or ak. 



149, i . ka ti'mian for ka tanidni " so much in width or extent." The bud of the 

 tdksish has a width of about half an inch. Cf. Note to 146, 1. 



149, 3. 4. tok. This aquatic grass grows about two feet high ; by 6-ushtat is meant, 

 here and in tsi'kal : Upper lOamath Lake. 



149, .'!. pii'lpali, vocalic dissimilation of pAlpali or pti'lpali; cf. taktii'kli 149, 14. 



149, 5. T(;lii'psam is a i>rairic grass on which the brown tchii)ash-seed gTows. 

 This seed is extremely small, and it takes a long time before a sufficient quantity of it is 

 gathered to aftord a meal for a family. Still smaller is the niitak-seed, and both are 

 strildng instances of the persistence of the Indians in keeping up their old mode of 

 living, when by agriculture and stock-raising they could procure provisions with 

 infinitely less trouble and in much .shorter time. 



