PHOXOLOGY. 207 



of a-j-i: ii-i, {li, ii or e. Concerning the occurrence of o and ii, cf. below: 

 Frequency of Sounds. 



Nasalizing of the vowels, as in the French an, in, un, is unknown in 

 pure Klamath speech, although consonants are frequently nasalized. At 

 times it occurs, however, in the conversational form of Klamath speech. 

 Where words from other Indian languages are quoted for comparison in 

 this volume, the nasal utterance of their vowels is indicated by n superior, 

 as: u"ii" o" o" a" it" e" i". 



The deep, obscure, hollow pronunciation of the simple and softened 

 vowels should be sharply distinguished in this and in other languages from 

 the dear, high-pitched, or ringing utterance of the same sounds. It is pro- 

 duced by opening the glottis to a wider passage of the voice than for the 

 clear pronunciation, and is as common in Klamath as it is in English unac- 

 cented syllables, or in syllables closing in consonants; compare: a in father 

 (clear pi'on.) and in water (deep), i in marine and in fill, u in shoe and in 

 lung. To call these deep vowels short will do for English only, where 

 these sounds usually are met with in syllables brief in quantity. But it 

 would be a misnomer in the terminology of other languages, for they can 

 be protracted to any length as well as the clear-sounded vowels. With a 

 and o this distinction cannot be made; a deep utterance of the other vowels 

 was marked in this volume by circuniflexing them. The vowel a (in fall, 

 talF) coincides with 6, and 6 was hence omitted. The spontaneous or primi- 

 tive vowel, "Urvocal", was given the letter 6 instead of e (the deep e). 

 Thus I use the circumflex only on a, i, u (a, i, ti); it may be used also 

 on the softened vowel ii. Examples: 



tapini second to, subsequent. 

 shtl'lta to announce, report. 

 bu'nua, pu'nna to drinlc. 



To obtain a full insight into the phonetic character of Indian lan- 

 guages, the difference between the clear and the deep pi-onunciation must 

 never be lo.st sight of; i and u are generally sounded deep in final syl- 

 lables followed by one or more consonants. Cf Alternation of Sounds, 

 Quantity, and Introduction to Texts, ]). y. 



