PHONOLOGY. 237 



word and accentuation of the penult and final syllable must be considered 

 as the rule. In Central America the emphasized syllable begins to shift 

 towards the radix, and in most North American languages, which are rather 

 suffix- than prefix-languages, the accent has a tendency to rest on the root 

 or at least on the first syllables of the word. 



In Klamath the emphasizing of the radix is the natural and funda- 

 mental law of accentuation, but it is so often interfered with by other 

 agencies that it seems rather to be the exception Many short particles 

 have no accent of their own, and in terms formed b}' iterative reduplication 

 each of the doubled radicals has an equal right to the accent; so the accent- 

 uation is here decided by rhetoric convenience. 



To obtain an insight into the mutual conflict of the accenting princi- 

 ples and the variability of accentuation, distinction must be made between: 



(1) accenting the radical syllable. 



(2) accenting by means of the secondary accent. 



(3) accenting through quantity. 



(4) accenting through syntactic emphasis. 



In polysyllabic terms the root or radical syllable alone is invested 

 with an intrinsic notative signification, while the other syllables or sounds 

 of the word, verb or noun, express only its relations to other parts of the 

 sentence. Hence the root is the most appropriate place for the word- 

 accent; nevertheless we find it constantly shifting in American and other 

 illiterate languages under the guidance of certain phonetic, logical, and 

 rhetoric considerations. This establishes a great contrast with the accent- 

 uation of English, German, and the classic languages, but in French we 

 see the accent shift to and fro with almost the same liberty as here Thus 

 we find in Klamath, e. g. : tula, tul4 in company of; tdwipka, tawipka to 

 bewitch; shnuka, shnuka to grasp; viinepni, vune'pni four times; ht'mkanka, 

 liemk4nka to speak; itpampgli, itpampgli to carry home; ktdyalshtala, kta- 

 yalshtala, ktayalshtala into the rocks; shewanap'litki, shewanap'litki in order 

 to restore. In the readings placed first, the accent rests on the radix, and 

 in the second readings shifts toward one of the formative syllables of rela- 

 tion. Very often a prefix is invested with the accent, as in lu'sluiaksh 

 husband, d. hihashuaksh. 



