PHONOLOGY. 23i) 



once many ideas to the native. Gu- recalls the ratlix ga-, ge- to yo, -tila a 

 motion doivnward, -apka an occurrence takin(/ place in the distance, -p6li return, 

 repetition, redoiibliiiff. Shnahualpakta to cause echo is composed of the me- 

 dial sh- "for somebody, or for oneself, or by itself", -n- iii shn- forms 

 cansati%'es, -a- is a vowel repeated from the syllable following-, -hual- is the 

 radical syllable to sound, resound, he noisy (liu;ilta, walta to sound, rattle) -pka, 

 the simplex of -pakta, is a suffix of verbs indicating repetition, iteration. 



Still better is the Indian ac(piainted with the meanings of inflectional 

 endings, and though unable to give abstract names to the grammatic 

 categories as we do, the correct use of innumerable simple and compound 

 prefixes and suffixes is constantly present to liis mind and guides him 

 through this lab^■rintll of forms which can be joined to every radical syI- 

 lable of his agglutinative language. Now he has it in his power to accent- 

 uate ever}^ svllable or affix, which, as he thinks, exceeds in importance the 

 other components of the word for expressing his idea. If in the first ex- 

 ample given he lays stress on the distance from himself, then he accent- 

 uates gutilApkapeli ; if descent is more important to him, gutilapkapeli ; in 

 the second example shuiihualpakta would express strength, of the efibrt to 

 cause echo. Cf heshs^alpeli Gl, 8 with ht'shsxalpeli 61,9: kiuyaga 96, 21 

 with kiuyega; sku)'u'i 2[), 11 with the usual skuyui. 



Even monosyllabic particles can be lengthened into two syllables by 

 diaeresis, and either of them may receive the accent with a sliade of differ- 

 ence on the meaning: ha-ji, ha-a; hi-i, hi-i'; or pronouns: i, i-i, i'-i. 



This feature adds largely to the natural expressiveness of the tongue, 

 and saves many circumlocutions which the less pliant languages of modern 

 Europe would have to specify by words. It is the idea of actuality, of being 

 done right then and there, that distinguishes shk'a, shla-a, and shla-a to see, 

 find, ge'wa and gewa to go into water, gi'ika and guka to climb up, guhua, guha, 

 guha to swell up, etc. Verbs in which the last syllable usually bears tlie 

 accent are: slii('> to Let, stub' to report, vunii to hnrg, vula to inquire; guli to 

 go into, is always oxytonized, but its d. form kilhi is not. 



In terms where no sj'ntactic or i-hetoric influences affect the location 

 of tlu- word-emphasis, a shifting of the accent is often cans('<l by the in- 

 n-case of the word through inflectional or derivative affixes. In short 



