PHONETIC STRUCTURE OF THE ROOT. 249 



Of a single or 'double consonant followed hy a vowel: 



ha-, he- in ha' ma to emit voice; ka- in k4ta, ngAta to break, v. intr.; ku- 

 in kuka to bite; kta- in kt4-i stone, rock; mu- in muni great, niiina 

 deep down. A diphthong appears in tchuitchuili sorrel, kaukauli 

 brown. 



Of a vowel preceded by a consonant and folloived by a consonant: 



kal- in kalo sky, kdlkali round; tak- in taktdkli red, scarlet, ta'^tgi to 

 blush; tip- in tipti'pli dark-colored ; yal- in ytilyali limpid. 



It is appropriate to call this third category of roots ending in conso- 

 nants thematic roots. The terminal consonants bear great analogy to some 

 nominal and verbal affixes, and a number of words formed in a similar 

 manner can be actually reduced to roots of the second class: vowel pre- 

 ceded by consonant, as laklakli slippery, not to lak-, but to la- in Idla to be 

 steep, to slope doivnivards, cf hld-a to foal, lel^dshi brood; lushliishli ivarm, hot, 

 not to lush-, but to lu- in luloks fire, lukua to be ivarm, hot; pushpushli black, 

 not to push-, but to pu-, po-, in po'ksh mud In the terminal consonant of 

 pal- in pdlla to steal, ila to lay down, the analogy with the suffix -la, -ala is 

 obvious. It is therefore highly probable that all these roots of the third 

 class are formed by accretion, and those containing diphthongs seem to 

 have been formed by a similar process. 



Some radical syllables commencing with mute consonants are nasalized 

 occasionally, as kata: ngata to break, pdtasli: mpatash milt, spleen. 



There are radicals found in certain letters of the alphabet, as k, t, u, 

 which reduplicate the two initial syllables when placed in their distributive 

 form, and thus may be suspected of being originally dissyllabic. Bvit 

 neither of the two kinds of reduplication proves anything for the condition 

 of the radix, for all the prefixes invariably reduplicate with the root, al- 

 though they do in no manner belong to it. Compare, for instance : 



Prefix k- in kmel^a to lay down, d. k^kmel/a and kmekmal^a, rad. e-. 



Prefix 1- in law41a to place upon, d. lalawala. 



Prefix sh- in sk4 to blow strongly, d. shktlska, rad. ka. 



Prefix u- in ulagsha to lap up, d. ula-ulAgsha. 



Some radical syllables, chiefly pronominal, are found to figure in two 



