ORIGIN OF ROOTS. 251 



fixes and suffixes, pronouns and pronominal particles, as in predicative 

 significations, which have gradually evolved from the pronominal ones and 

 make up a large portion of the vocabulary. These roots, which are in fact 

 demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adverbs, have in the present 

 stage of the language become devoid of any special significations, and this 

 quality eminently fits them for expressing relations between the different 

 jiarts of speech. Whenever they form derivatives, the meaning of these 

 radices becomes more specialized; thus Jm- forms a large number of verbs 

 with the signification of running, tu-, ti- verbs and nouns referring to mo- 

 tions of liquids, water, as spreading, dripping, soaking, ti-, tin- to motions 

 performed by a plurality of subjects. All roots consisting of one vowel 

 only belong here, and a number of lengthy words are entirely composed 

 of pronominal roots. 



On account of the importance of this class of radicals, I subjoin speci- 

 mens of them and their derivatives, but do not claim any completeness for 

 the list: 



a, Jia, hd appears in particles a, at, atui; in suffix -ha; in 4na, dnsha. 



li- connected with all the vowels forms reciprocal, reflective, causative 

 verbs and their derivatives. 



hu, hu, u, in prefix u-, suffixes -u, -ui (-uya), -wa, -uish; in pron. and 

 adv. hu, hut, livm, hunk, in pron. hunksht, hukag ; in w4, 

 we'k, utish or otisli; lina, una'k, huta, hlidshna, huntchna, 

 liiiwa. 



i, hi, hi in suffixes -i, -la; in iwa, iwi^a, fta, idsha, i-a (ya), ydna, yaina, 



i-u (y")> yita. 



k- appears in three forms: ka, ke, ku; ke being originally ki. 



ka, ga in suffixes -ka, -ga, -\%a, -tampka, etc., in demonst.-relat. 

 pron kat who; interr. kani whof in gat, k4-a, kA-ag, shkd, 

 kdtak, gayue. 



ke, ge, ge, yonder, redupligated in kek, geg, k^ku, forms prefix ki-, 

 k-, and tlie verb gi; g^na to go away, and its numerous deriv- 

 atives, as gekansha, gdmpele, seem to point to the radix ga, 

 for some of them begin with ga-, ka- : gdyaha, gake'mi, ga- 

 lila, ka-ul6ktana ; in kdka, tkdka. 



ku, gu in ku and ki'ii far off, kuinag, k6-i, ku-idshi, skuyui. 



