258 GEAMMAK OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



lama to reel, viz, "to move in a (nrcnlnr line"; l6m^na, I'mdna, Imc^na 

 it thunders, Igmatch, lm4tcli mealing stone, the motion made on it 

 being" circular. 



ha'ma to emit voice, sha'lmiiilgi to call tofjcthrr. 



kill- in kalkali round, hislizelul;ja, liislikli'ilxa, ''to measure all around,^' 

 to make of the same length, tvidth. Ct'. skilulxotkisli. 



5. The change of a radical vowel into a cognate vowel has been fully 

 treated in the chapter on "Alternation of Sounds," and requires no further 

 discussion. Examples: y^ka, yii'ka ; c-una, ii'-una; o'lash, u'lsh ; steinash, 

 stainas. 



CONSONANTIC ALTERATION OF THE RADIX. 



Changes occurring in the consonantic components of the radix are 

 caused hv the interchangeabilit}- of cognate consonants, cf "Alternation of 

 Sounds," and do not usually imply any change in the signification of the 

 radix. Examples : bunua and punua, delish and t(^lish. 



Instances of a radical consonant becoming nasalized are pata, mpata ; 

 sakA-a, sankA-a 



A change in the signification is, however, produced by the changing 

 of a. guttural k, g into k: kil^sintko humpbacked person, kil^fintko humphaeked 

 person, when imitated by children, etc. (i-adix kal- in kdlkali round). 



4. REDUPLICATION. 



The repetition of syllables in immediate succession within one and the 

 same word is technically called reduplication, and forms one of the most 

 effective means for emphasizing or otherwise individualizing ideas expressed 

 in words, in the same manner as the orator repeats twice or three times in 

 succession certain words to be emphasized above all others. Reduplication 

 has been recognized as an efficient grammatic figure from the earliest times; 

 in rude and illiterate tongues we see it more frequently applied than in the 

 refined speech of cultured nations, and in the earlier periods of European 

 languages much more than in their present stages of development — facts 

 wliich point with certainty to a high antiquity of this special mode of gram- 

 matic synthesis. If we except the monosyllabic languages, reduplication is 



