264 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



In the extensive Nahua family, which embraces Aztec, Tarahumara, 

 Tepeguana, Cora, Cahita, Cpata, Eudeve, and Pima, we can trace it through 

 the nominal and verbal portions of every language, although other plural 

 forms occur there also. When we meet Aztec vocables like the following, 

 we remark that the idea of severalty is the ruling idea in at least some of the 

 Aztec reduplicated verbs: 



intchan oyake they went into their house (all having one house only); 

 intchatchan oyayak^ they went into their several houses (every man entering 

 his own). 



kotona to cut, kokotona to cut in many pieces, ko'-kotona to cut many 

 articles in pieces* 



The dialect of Pima spoken on the Yaqui River, State of Sonora 

 (Pima bajo), reduplicates in the same manner, as does also the Pima alto 

 spoken on the Gila River, Arizona. The Nevome, a dialect of the Pima 

 bajo, inflects, e. g, maina: mamaina palmleaf mat, bava: bavpa cliff, high 

 rock, tucurhu: tutcurhu owl, stoa: stostoa white.f 



Plurals of nouns and verbs are formed by duplication of the radix in 

 some, perhaps in all, the dialects of the Shoshoni or Numa family. 



This holds good also for the dialects of the Santa Barbara family, whose 

 tribes reside on the coast of the southern part of California. On Santa Cruz, 

 e. g., substantives were forming their plurals as follows: pu: pupu arm, hand, 

 alapami: alalapami body, tupau: tutupau bow. Duplication of the consonant 

 after the vowel also occurs: ulam: ululam river, wutchu: wutchwutcho do(/.X 



In one of the dialects of the wide-stretching Selish family, that of the 

 Flatheads of Idaho and Montana, we find that the reduplicated verb indicates 

 severalty and not plurality. If our knowledge of the other numerous Selish 

 dialects was more thorough, we would probably discover there the same 

 fact. Rev. Gregory Mengarini gives the following instances in his "Gram- 

 matica Linguae Selicse:" 



iesk5m I receive many things at once, ieskmkbm / receive many things at 

 different times. 



" Quoted from H. Steinthal, Characteristik, page 212. 



t Arte del idioma Pima 6 Nevome, in Shea's Linguistic Series. 



t Contributions to North American Ethnology, yol. iii, pp. 560-565. 



