KADICAL SYLLABLE CONNECTED WITH AFFIXES. 279 



II. — Anathesis in terms formed hy the compound prefix h-s-, h-sh-, Ji-shn-: 

 hiniii to fall doivn, d. hiluinui, caus. hishanui to fell. 

 kintclma to travel in file, d. kik;intclina, recipr. hishkantclina. 

 nuta to hum, d. niinata, nunta, refl. hushii^ta to burn oneself. 

 shfuga to kill, d. sliishuka, recipr. and refl. hishu'ka. 

 shim to shoot, hit, d. slilishlan, recipr. and refl. hishlan. 

 shmo'k beard, refl. hushmo'kla to shave oneself, from an obsolete shmo'kla. 

 shmika to seize, d. shnushn^a, recipr. hushn^a to shake hands. 

 spull to lock up, d. spiishpali, refl. hiishpali to lock oneself in. 

 stinta to love, cherish, d. stistan-ta, recipr. and refl. Iiisht4nta. 



II.— EADICAL SYLLABLE CONNECTED WITH AFFIXES. 



In polysyllabic languages we do not often meet with radical syllables 

 in their original and nude shape, and forming words for themselves. When 

 the process of word-formation increases in energy and extent, the radix is 

 beset and preyed upon more and more by its affixes through shifting of 

 accent, vocalic and consonantic alterations, elision of sounds, and other 

 necessary concomitants of advanced agglutination. In languages where 

 the phonetic laws have great sway it often becomes difficult, as to certain 

 terms, to recognize the elements belonging to the radical syllable. 



Affixes are the links of relation connecting the radical syllables of the 

 words wliich compose a sentence. They are real or altered radicals them- 

 selves, and when they no longer appear as roots it is because they were 

 phonetically disintegrated into fragments by the continual wear and tear of 

 the process of word-formation. Their function is to point out the various 

 relations of the radix to the words it is bro"ught in contact with; thus being 

 exponents of relation they derive, for the largest part at least, their origin 

 from pronominal roots or roots of relational signification. In Klamath soxiie 

 of them exist also as independent radicals, and figure as pronouns, pronom- 

 inal particles or conjunctions (hi, hu, ka, ka-A, etc.). 



Affixes do not always express pure and simple relation, or strictly 

 formal connection between the various parts of the sentence, as, e. g., the 

 idea of possession, of subject and object, of person, number, and tense; but 



