280 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



many of them, in American languages especially, express categories, as that 

 of exterior shape, dimension, and proportion of the object or subject spoken 

 of, of Its distance from the speaker, or of the special mode by wliich an act 

 is performed. Such particular notions qualifying the function of the radix 

 are of a material or concrete import, and frequently result in polysynthesis 

 or triple, quadruple, etc., compounding of the affixes. These combinations 

 of several affixes may contain only relational affixes of a purely grammatic 

 character, but in Klamath moi'e frequently contain affixes of both classes — 

 the relational and the material. A few examples will illustrate this. 



A word composed of a radical and of purely formal or relational affixes 

 only is, e. g., shilalsht ivlien having fallen sick Here i- in I'la to lay down 

 represents the radix, sh- is the medial prefix wlilcli makes out of Ua : shi'hi 

 to lay oneself down, though used only in tlie sense of to ^('.(chronically) sick. 

 The suffix -al-, -ala, implies the "becoming", "f;illlng into a state or con- 

 dition", and is here of an inchoative signification; -sh is a suffix forming- 

 nouns and verbals, -t the suffix of the conditional mode. 



Terms composed of a radix and of material and relational affixes are as 

 follows : 



Lupatku(^la may be translated by to prodme a scar, but the term has 

 Its special use. The radix pat appears In mp ita to beat, strike upon with a 

 tool, upata to wound, u'hlopatana, patpatli, etc., and tlie prefix lu- shows that 

 the blow is inflicted with a round article. The suffix -ka (here -k-) is tliat 

 of factitive verbs, -uula adds tlxe Idaa of d)v:i.hill, djivnwaril to verbs of 

 motion, and thus the full import of the above verb is that of prodaciiiy a 

 ivound, or more frequently a scar, being forced downward or to the ground by 

 a round article, as a wheel. 



Nd-upka to empty into is said only of the influx of a watercourse into an 

 extended sheet of water, as a lake, not of the confluence of two rivers un- 

 less very wide. The radix of ni'-upka or ni'wapka is ewa to he full, as of 

 water, the prefix n- is Indicative of something spread out, level, or extend- 

 ing to tlie liorizon, and the suffix -pka usually refers to distance. 



Shield tchanulatko hfl hehiiul while walking. Tlie radical is here e, of 

 pronominal origin, which we also find in ila (t'la), d. i-ala to lay down. Witii 

 the suffix -l;ia, which generally points to a downward motion, e- forms vlyji 



