284 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



There is difference in signification between ddsha to suck and fdsha to 

 cause to go, c'pkii fo bring and ipka to lie upon, to kerj), ewa and fwa etc. 

 Snbstantives witli prefix e- are: dlhuish backbone, dpat a tall grass 



ll- is a prothetic sound found in many words beginning in vowels and 

 consonants, wliicli is decidmus and without any distinct grammatic functions, 

 except tluit of emphasizing. Cf hh'i-a and lA-a, hiwidsha and iwidsha, 

 hutAtchkia and utatchkia. Therefore h- cannot be considered as a pl-efix, 

 unless connected with the medial prefix sh- in the form of h-sh, q. v. Cf. 

 -h-, under "Infixes." 



ll-sll-, h-s-, h-slm-, compound prefix serving for the derivation of 

 reflective, reciprocal, and causative verbs and their nominal derivatives. 

 The intransitive verbs formed by means of this prefix are but few in number. 

 The derivation is performed by means of the vocalic anathesis described, pp. 

 278, 279. As stated there, the prefix hsh- is composed of the demonstrative 

 radix h in hu, pointing to contiguity, and of the medial prefix sh-, q. v. 

 The vowel standing after h- is that of the radical sylhible, and no instance 

 occurs where a diphthong occupies this place. In the majority of instances 

 the medial form in sh , from which the other originated, is still preserved in 

 the language; but there are a few where the stem without prefix has sur- 

 vived alone. These few verbs are all of a causative signification: 



o 



hashpa to feed, hashpkish ^ofMer, der. pan to eat. Cf. spalala. 



heshtcha to suckle, der. (jdsha to suck. 



heshuampgli to restore to health, der. we'mpeli to recover. 



hishauui to fell, cut down, der. hfnui to fall. 



hushpjinua to give to drink, der. piinua fo drink. 



The following verbs and nouns, classified according to the genus verbi to 

 which they belong, form an addition to the examples given above, p. 278 sq.: 



CAUSATIVE VERBS: 



hashla-i%a to smoke (meat), der. shla-ika it smokes. 

 hash'ka to perforate the nose, ear, der. stuka to stab, ptierce. 

 hashpankua to ford a river on horseback, der. paukna to ivade through. 



