296 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



shash them, to them, hIkuu of them.. Its original meaning seems to have been 

 reflective, oneself, like that of Latin sui, sibi, se, because sh-, s-, places the 

 verb into relation with its logical or grammatical subject ; the idea expressed 

 by the verb may be said to revert or to be turned upon the subject of the 

 verb and centering in it. This medial function will appear more clearly 

 in the following examples, made up of transitive as well as of intransitive 

 verbs : 



shd-ishi to keep as a secret; from afshi to hide. 



s^iina to row a boat; from g^na to proceed. 



sheka to squeal, whine; from y^ka to howl, cry. 



skintchna to crawl, creep ; from kintchna to ivalk in single file. 



shuina to sing solo ; from wina to sing. 



ska to blow strong, said of winds; from ka-a strongly. 



spi'tcha to go out (fire) ; from pitcha to extinguish. 



shipapelankshtant against each other ; from pipel4ngsta on two slde^ 



Some of the medial verbs now extant make us presuppose a vevbal 

 base from which they are derived, but which exists no longer in the lan- 

 guage as a verb ; cf ska'. Others have changed their prefix sh-, s- into 

 tch-, ts-, especially in the Modoc dialect. 



In the majority of medial verbs the mode of derivation observed is that 

 of vocalic anathesis, a phonetic process spoken of previously. 



The medial function does not always remain such in all the verbs 

 formed by the medial prefix, but easily turns into («) a reflective one when 

 the subject of the verb is also its object : she-al;{a to name, call oneself; or 

 (b) wlien the object is a person or other animate being, a reciprocal verb 

 may result: samtchatka to understand each other; or (c) the medial verb 

 turns into a causative verb when the verbal act passes over entirely to the 

 verbal object: shkalkgla to hurt, injure, viz., "to make fall sick." A few of 

 these verbs are reciprocal and reflective simultaneously : sliakual (from 

 radix gawal) to find oneself and to find each other. 



More exanijjles are given under "Anathesis", pp. 278, 279, from which 

 becomes apparent also the general coufoi inity of the uses of this prefix with 

 that of its compound h-sh. Other prefixes compounded with sh- are shl-, 

 shn-, sp-, st-, shu-, q. v. 



