LIST OF SUFFIXES. 309 



Also .1 large numbei- of botanic terms, especially food-plants, as: 

 kashma, klana, klapa, I'ba, tchua, tsunika, etc. 



3. Participles with -a oxytonized (-a') are abbreviations from -atko, -atko. 

 Examples to be found in the Texts and Dictionary are n%itsd(tko) atrophied, 

 pahii dried up, kewa broken, fractured. 



4. A number of adverbs also end in -a, most of which are or have been 

 formerly verbs: 



ka-a very, very much; of. skd. 



ke-una (and ke-uni) slowly, loosely, lightly. 



kuata tightly ; also adj. hard, tight. 



nishta all night through. 



ska, shka coldly; strongly, and to blow cold, strong. 



st4, sht4 to repletion; entirely, and to be full. 



wafta all day long, and to pass one day. 



Of jiostpositions ending in -ta the majority are abbreviations from -tana 

 or -tala. 



An inflectional suffix -a occurs in the oblique cases of nouns in -a, as 

 p'gishap mother, p'gisha (obj. case). Of. " Nominal Inflection." 



-a', see -a No. 3, -tko. 



-a'-a, a suffix which is the combination of the last vowel of the base 

 with the suffix -a preceding, analogous to -ea, -fa, -ua. The accent always 

 rests on the penultima, a rule from wliich the verb ndsh4ma-a and its medial 

 form shn4ndslima-a form perhaps the only exceptions Sha-ap4-a to dare, 

 provoke, is formed by vocalic diaeresis from shdpa to speak, tell. The word 

 sluikek;i-ash parents, in Kl. shukikash, presupposes an obsolete verb shuke- 

 ka-a. Examples: 



hlii-a to lay eggs, to bear young. 



kupkupa-a to knock at something hollow ; cf. kupkupli concave. 



ya-a to scream, vociferate; Mod. kaya-a to cry aloud. 



shalkia-a to put on airs, to swagger. 



shapku^i-a, Kl. shapkua to strut about. 



