318 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



almost like -gm, -'m, -lem, -I'm. The origin of this suffix will be shown 

 under the heading of "Substantive." 



This possessive case form becomes in many nouns a subjective case, 

 undergoing an inflection similar to that of the real subjective case. We 

 subdivide these as follows: 



I. — Names of plants, especially fruit-hearing trees, shrubs, or herbs. The 

 possessive suffix composes the majority of veget.ils furnishing berries, nuts, 

 and soft fruits to the list of Indian provisions, and a few only, like the serv- 

 iceberry bush, tchak;iga, have other endings. The pine-tree, ko'sh, fur- 

 nishes only the resinous, ill-tasting pine-nut, and does not show tlie possessive 

 form, but some of the seed-grasses, as tchipsham, exhibit it. Many of the 

 plant names in -am exist in the distributive form. Besides the form in -am 

 exists the otlier form in the subjective case, to designate the fruit, nut, or 

 berry of tlie plant. The plant-name is the frviit-name placed in the pos- 

 sessive case, and the term anku tree, stem, or tchelash stalk, has to be supplied: 

 kp6k gooseberry, kp6kam (anku) gooseberry bush. Bulb plants, weeds, and 

 low stalks with flowers often have the same name as their fruits, standing in 

 the subjective case, like ko'l, w6kash, li^hiash, though even in moss-names 

 the possessive case occurs, presumably through the law of linguistic analogy. 

 The generic terms fwam berry, le-usham, d lel^-usham flower, and some terms 

 referring to animal food: kawam eel spring, niiksam dried fish, also take this 

 suffix. 



hi'itchnam white-oak tree; hiidsha acorn. 



ilplsam apple tree; a'pulsh, ii'pul apple. 



luluihiisham gooseberry bush ; luiluish, species of gooseberry. 



tuitch^sam choke-cherry tree; tuitchp^ash choke-cherry. 



ipshunalam swamp dogberry bush; ipshuna blue swamp dogherry. 



pii'sh^am bough of coniferm; pii'shak little whorl. 



kapiunksham the grass producing the kdpiunks-seed. 



Add to these padshAyam, p;inam (and pan), patchnam, skdwanksham, 

 shl^shlaptcham, shud-usham, tutankshara. 



II. — A few nouns indicating seasons of the year and phenomena of nature 

 also show the terminal -am, -lam, T;;^;ilam west wind is an abbreviation of 

 t;ralamni (shldwisli) and does not belong here. 



