324 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



five or intransitive verbs in -a and designating- inanimate things of a concrete 

 signification, among wliicli are included all animals of a lower order. My 

 syncope or elision -ash may dwindle down to -^sh, -'a-, or may be pronounced 

 -ish incorrectly. In many instances the verb from which the nouns in -ash 

 are derived has become obsolete, as in yapalpule'ash ivhitish Imttarfly. Some 

 of these nouns in -ash are of an active or instrumental, like shapash, others, 

 as ti'itash, of a passive signification. This is easily explained by the fact that 

 the transitive verbs of this upland tongue undergo no change in their form 

 when passing from the active to the passive voice. 



hashuasli veyefahle, maize; from lulshua to plant, sow. 

 ktodshash rain; from kt(5dsha it rains. 

 Mlash side of animal; from lala to slope down. 

 V'Wiish play-ball, (/lobe; from k'wa to play. 

 shapash sun, moon, clock; from shapa to indicate. 

 shetaluash ylass, mirror ; from slu'talua to reflect. 

 shlitchixash comh; from shlitch'ka to sift. 

 tfnuash droivniny-place ; from tinua to fall into water. 

 tiitash trunk of tree; from tuta to remove. 



Some of the nouns mentioned under -a have lost their -sh: skoa for 

 sko'hs, nkika for nkikash, mbi'ika for mbukash, weketa for wekt'tash, both 

 forms now existing simultaneously; probably also pata summer heat, pa'hla 

 tray, dish, pala liver. 



4. Nomina verbalia abstracta, or substantives in -ash, formed from verbs 

 in -a (mainly transitives) and designating abstractions. Their signification 

 approaches very nearly that of a verbal indefinite in -ash. 



hushkanksh thouyht, mind; from hiishkanka to think. 

 kpapshash sense of taste; from kpapsha to taste. 

 k6;^pash (Mod.) thouyht, mind; from kozpf, d of k(')pa to think. 

 sha-ishasli a secret; from sha-ishi (herefrom sha-isha) to hush up.^ 

 shtishash name, price; from shesha to name, call. 



' There are .a few vomina acloris and "tlier nouns in -ash (short a) which I presume have all orii;i- 

 nated from -a-isli, and formerly had their a long (-ash): kii-ikasli one who acts alraiiffely, from ka-ika; 

 shcshi;eilii-aNli noinii fellow, from shesh;fela; utiissusaash clown, jenier ; ]i(')pamk;ish httinj on body, alisol. 

 form pumkash not being in use. 



