338 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGH. 



-ipkll, -ipka, a suffix cliiefly found in intransitive verbs; it convevs 

 the idea of approaching, coming toward, nearing the verbal object, often 

 the one wlio speaks or is supposed to speak. It may refer to acts or proc- 

 esses performed at a distance, in close contiguity or vicinity, or on some 

 person's body. Sometimes, however, the ending -ipka is the result of a 

 contraction, and then -pka is the suffix, not -ipka; cf gaka-ipka from gaka- 

 yipka (Dictionary, p. 33), and shne-ipka to kiyiile a camp-fire hahitiiaUi), which 

 presupposes a verb slmeya. Cf -pka. 



The forms -I'pkam, -ip^eni, etc. and -ipkash, -ip^ash are sometimes 

 oblique cases of the participles or verbal adjectives of verbs in -i, some- 

 times of verbs in -a. Cf -tko, which is the form of their subjective case. - 



hantchipka to suck out of a person's body, 

 huntchipka to fly toivard. 

 kidshipka to have the waterbrash. 

 layipka to take aim at somebody, 

 pakluipka to hark, howl at from a distance, 

 shikudshipka to lean on a support. 

 tilo'dshipka to see somebody appiroachlng 



tinshipka to rise; said of sun, moon, because they seem to come nearer 

 after rising; cf tinshna. 



-ish, -is, -sh. The real function of the suffix -ish, abbreviated -sh, 

 has been pointed out under the heading of -ash as tliat of forming active or 

 animate nouns from verbs. This suffix is appended directly to the vei'bal 

 basis of verbs in -a, and usually remains unaccented. When the suffix is 

 accented, -ish has the vowel long, and in the two following instances at least 

 is the result of a contraction from -iash; it therefore belongs to -ash and not 

 to -ish: 



gukl'sh act of climbing; from guki to climb up. 



nuti'sh, niitlsh conflagration ; cf ni'ita to burn. 



A shortened pronunciation of -ish is that of -esh. 



The suffix -ish produces nominal forms which mav, according to their 

 signification, be classified as follows: 



