368 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATH LANdUAGE. 



assume nominal functions. It occurs in the great m;ijority of substantives 

 in their subjective case, forms the objective cases of the generic terms for 

 persons and proper names of persons, of the names for the higher animals, 

 of adjectives, numerals, and pronouns, and composes several of the verbals. 

 In all these foi'ms it is preceded by a vowel, generally a, though this is 

 frequently elided. It composes the majority of the nominal suffixes, as 

 -ash, -ish, -kish, -Ish, -o'sh, -otkish, -uash, -uish, etc. The final -s is more 

 archaic than -sh, and is chiefly used in the conversational form of language. 



1. The verbal indefinite and verbal conditional are formed by adding -6//, 

 -sht to the full form of the verb, though phonetic laws sometimes effect 

 changes and inversions of sounds. 



ka-ika to ad extravagantly; ka-ikash "the extravagant acting"; also, 



"one who acts extravagantly." 

 shellual to make war ; ge-u shellualsh "the making war of mine", ;»// 



warfare. 



Only the syntax can convey a full understanding of all the meanings 

 of these and other verbals. Cf. -ash (Note). 



2. Adjectives in -sh, -s are those in -ish, a few in -ash (popamknsh hair//), 

 the numeral na'dsh, then kclpoksh hot, k;)tagsh cold. 



3. Substantives in -sh, -s. Terms where this suffix is joined to the radix 

 without any intervening sound, or where the quantity of the radical syllable 

 points to a contraction of some kind, are mostly monosyllables. 



(a.) Parts of the human and animal body: 

 kolansh knee, nish neck, nkash bellij, nu'sh head, pish gall, pshfsh nose. 



(I).) Other objects of a concrete signification : 

 ^-ush lake (from cwa), heshkush game-stake, ko'sh pine tree, kulsh badger, 

 la'sh wing, lo's a goose-species, we'sh ice (from w^n). 



In a few terms -sh alternates with -tch, as in ki-insh, ki'-intch gclloiv 

 jackct-ivasp ; but this change has to be ascribed to phonetic corruption ; cf 

 suffix -tch. 



