408 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



When joined to the personal pronouns nu /, i thou etc., this participle 

 also forms a sort of a finite verb, which occurs but seldom in our Te.xts, 

 and has to be considered as a usitative form. Cf. kiukayank is in the habit 

 of stiching out ohUqucly, 71,2; also 87, 2, '5. In some instances this form in 

 -ank may be an abbreviation of the verbal suffix anka, q. v. 



2. The participle in -tko, abbr -tk, in Modoc -tko, -tku, -tka, -tk, is not 

 so indiff"erent in regard to tense as that in -n, -nk, for it refers mainly to 

 the past. Through its inflection and position in the sentence it is invested 

 witli tlie qualities of an adjective noun, and as such it describes quality, 

 ownership etc. acquired in the past. When formed from transitive verbs, 

 it usually assumes passive functions, though there are many exceptions to 

 this. The concrete and abstract nouns, verbal adjectives, and other words 

 foi'med by -tko have all been considered under Suffix -tko, q. v. 



There are many instances when participles in -tko refer not to the past, 

 but to other tenses, especially the present. 



Instances where intransitive verbs have formed participles in -tko are: 

 gitko hem, or possessed of ; ge'ntko having walked, 125, 1 ; tsu;ijat;iant(-ko), 

 171>, 6 and Note; snawedsh w^nuitk a widatv, 82, 5; shashamoks lolatko 

 who have lost relatives, 82, 5 and Note ; gulf tko having crept into, etc. 



In the conversational form of language, the ending -tko is sometimes 

 cut off, and what remains is the verb with tlie last syllable emphasized : 

 kewa for kewatko broken, paha for pahatko dried, k'leka for k'lekatko 

 deceased. 



The auxiliary gi to be connects itself in all its forms with the participle 

 in -tko: nu 161atko g'i I am a believer, 44, 22; we' tko giag for being frozen. 



This participle is formed by appending -tko, -tk, in the oblique cases 

 -pkash, -pkam etc., to the full, suffixed formof the verb, as mbakatko, d. 

 mbambakatko broken down, from mbaka to break down. Verbs ending in 

 -ala, -la, -ana, -na, however, elide a after -1 and -n into -altko, -antko ; for 

 which process cf. List of Suffixes. The suffix -tko inflects for case and 

 severalty just like any other adjective, and a full paradigm will be given 

 below. The various forms in that paradigm can be well understood only 

 after a thorough study of the nominal inflection. 



