VAKIOUS VERBALS. 415 



undergone in the past or preterit tense. According to the contents of the 

 sentence, it may stand for our pluperfect, and in English rendering has, in 

 most cases, to be expressed b}' a dependent clause. It forms no conditional 

 verbal in -uisht, because the form in -sht is most frequently found to expi-ess 

 a preterit tense, which makes a form in -uisht unnecessary. Examples : 



gt'na to go away ; genuish the having gone, retreated; after going, 

 himkiink?^ to speak ; ge-u hemkankuish, d. hehumkankuish, "my having 



spoken ", the fact of my speech or speeches having been delivered. 

 shnapka. to fatten; shnapknish the former flattening process, the past act 



of flattening ; d. shnash'npkuish each of the above acts. 



5. The verbal causative. 



The primary function of the suffix -oga, -uga, -ok, -uk is a causative 

 one, being appended to the simple form of the verb to state the physical 

 cause or the reason why the act or state expressed by the finite verb of the 

 sentence is, has been, or will be performed. Modocs prefer the full forms 

 -oga, -uga; Klamath Lake Indians, -ok, -uk (with accent receding). Forms 

 in oga etc. are not periphrastically conjugable with gi to be, nor do thev 

 show any inflectional change. In English, this verbal has to be often cir- 

 cumscribed by a sentence ; its subject is the same as that of the principal 

 clause. 



shapa to declare, tell ; shapoga, sha2)uk for the purpose of telling; d. 



shashp(')ga. 

 shlciwi to blow, as winds; shle-uyuk because the wind hhnvs or blew ; d. 



shleshluyuk because every one of the winds blew, or because the wind 



blcW at diflerent times. 

 wenoya to be or become a widow; wenoyuk on account of having become a 



widow. 



A secondary function of -oga is that of forming a verbal with a temporal 

 signification, resulting from the causative one and expressed by our con- 

 junction when: 



nuka to be rijyc; nukuk ivhen ripe; lit. "because ripened." 

 t^menu to travel, march; tAmenug i when you go or travel. 



