VERBAL INFLECTION. 419 



The object-pronoun. 



The same freedom used in placing the subject-pronoun before or after 

 the verb exists concerning the object-pronoun, and in combining the object- 

 pronoun with the subject-pronoun, or separating both by interposing the 

 verb or other terms. Here a good deal depends on the importance of both 

 as parts of the sentence. 



The object-pronoun of the direct object is identical with that of the 

 indirect object, and often becomes syncopated, or otherwise shortened, in 

 rapid speech. If both pronouns are placed after the verb, they often com- 

 bine into a synthetic phrase, and the object-pronoun of the second person 

 then precedes, invariably, the subject-pronoun of the first. 



Paradigms of these pronominal combinations will be found under 

 "Pronouns." 



In reflective and reciprocal verbs, tlie object-pronoun is expressed syn- 

 thetically by the prefix h-sh of the verb. See "Voices of the Verb." 



VERBAL INFLECTION TO MARK SEVERALTY. 



To the observing mind of the primeval Klamath Indian the fact that 

 sundry things were done repeatedly, at different times, or that the same thing 

 was done severally by distinct persons, appeared much more important than 

 tlie pure idea of pJuraliUj, as we have it in our language. This category 

 of severalty impressed itself on his mind so forcibly that he rendered and 

 symbolized it in a verj' appropriate manner by means of the distributive 

 reduplication of the first syllable. As will be seen by referi'ing to the 

 chapter on Reduplication, this grammatic feature is made thoroughly dis- 

 tinct, as far as phonetics are concerned, from the iterative reduplication, 

 which serves for word-formative or derivational purposes only. 



From what is said in the chapter referred to, the grammatic impor- 

 tance of the distributive reduplication may be studied in all its details. It 

 extends over all parts of speech — not only over the finite verb, but also over 

 all temporal, modal, participial forms of the verb — over all the verbals and 

 voices of the verb and their derivatives. All its various functions are re- 

 lated to each other, whatsoever may be the form we may select in translat- 

 ing them into English or other languages. 



