420 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



Only a few verbs <ind nouns are exempted from reduplicatinjr, and they 

 are so from purely phonetic causes. It is easy to uiuk'i'stand that words 

 like shnikshokshuka to smell around can not reduplicate, on account of their 

 unwieldiness appeai'ing even in the absolute form; and the delicate sense for 

 linguistic proprieties of the Klamath Indians refrains from phonetic impos- 

 sibilities, as well as that of other nations. Cf also what is said on page 267. 

 With such terms, severalty has to be indicated by a circumscriptive sentence, 

 or by tumi many, tiim mucli, nanuk all, nanukash everywhere, etc. 



THE VOICES OF THE VERB. 



While the modern languages of Europe choose the analytic method 

 for expressing such voices of the verb, or (jenera verhi, as the passive, causa- 

 tive, recijirocal, and reflective forms, the classic languages of antiquity, the 

 Semitic dialects, and a large number of the American languages prefer to 

 express them in one word. The single and comprehensive terms which they 

 use are derivatives of the active form of the transitive verlj; some languages 

 add to this a medial form, purporting that an act is done with reference to 

 or in the interest of the verbal subject. All these comprehensive forms are 

 true expressions of the incorporating principle innate to those languages. 



For deriving the voices, the Klamath language uses prefixes, either 

 sounds or whole syllables. They are placed before the active verb, or be- 

 fore the intransitive verb, wherever it can form derivatives of this kind 

 (causative and medial verbs). This change is attended with vocalic ana- 

 thesis (q. V.) in some of the voices. Elvery one of these derivatives is 

 inflected like the primary rerh from which it is derived, though there may 

 occur a difference in the accentuation of the two. We have seen that 

 prefixes form derivatives only, not forms of verbal inflection. 



Here the inflection of the transitive verb does not differ from that of 

 the intransitive, as it does in so many other languages, and it is only on 

 account of the peculiar formation of duals and plurals that I made a sep- 

 arate voice of the intransitive verb. The passive form is identical with the 

 active form. In many instances the same verbal derivative serves as a re- 

 flective and reciprocal verb, and causative verbs show the same prefix, h sh-. 

 These three usually differ from the medial form, a voice which is character- 



