422 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATU LANGUAGE. 



lukash slilin Titak shot a grizzly hear, becomes, Avhen turned into a passive 

 sentence, luk sliliii 'I'ltakani a (jrizzly hear was shot hy Titak. 



The English language usually resorts to the auxiliary verb to he when 

 expressing passivity, but in Klamath the active verb remains unchanged. 

 The same grammatic form exists for the active and for the ])assive voice ; 

 when no logical subject is added, it is impossible but for the context to find 

 out which voice was intended. Cf. the following examples : 



niaklaks E-ukak I'dsha the Indians hrouyht or were hronght to Fort 



Klamath. 

 maklaks nge'shtka shiiika a)i Indian killed (somebody) or was killed hy 



an arrow. 



The different modes of expressing the logical subject of the passive 

 verb will be discussed in Syntax, and it may be added now that the transi- 

 tive verb is not very often used in a passive sense. 



Another mode of expressing passivity is to connect the past participle 

 in -tko with the auxiliary gi, and to inflect both through all tenses, modes, 

 and verbals of the latter : 



kti'ika to strike with fist: 

 nu a ktukatko gi I am struck. 

 nu a ktukatko gi'-uapk / shall he struck. 



koka to hite: 

 nil a k(jkatko gi I am hitten. 

 1 a kokatko gi't you may get hitten. 

 kokatko giuga in order to he hitten. 



In forms where gi is found, and not an inflectional form of it, as gl't, 

 gitki, giug, gi'sh, gl'sht, this auxiliary is frequently dropped: nu kokatko / 

 am bitten. 



There are some verbs in the language which can not be used in another 

 but a, passive signification, e. g. : shal^ita to he hcivitched, to lie sick under the 

 tamdnuash- spell, from shila to he chronically sick ; but it is more logical to 

 consider verbs like these as intransitives. 



