426 GKAMMAK OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



6. The causative voice. 



This is a form of verbal derivation which adds to the transitive or in- 

 transitive verb the idea of prompting, causing, or compelling to perform 

 the act or enter the state or condition expressed by the original verl). The 

 Klamath language forms them by means of vocalic anatliesis, and by prefix- 

 ing sh- or compounds of it: shn-, sp-, st-, h-sh-. In the Germanic languages, 

 causative verbs are frequently formed also by a vocalic change, here called 

 "Umlaut"; so we have in English to drench, to fell, to raise derived from to 

 drink, to fall, to rise. 



a. Causative verbs formed by the medial prefix sh-: 

 shkalkela to hurt, injure; from kalkela to fall sick. 

 shntil^a to set on fire; from nelka to be burnt up. 

 shuenka to kill, slay, plur. of obj. (Mod.); from wdnka to die. 

 shuka to drive out from; from huka to run at. 



h. Causative verbs formed by compound prefixes of sh-: 

 shnahualta to cause to sound, to ring ; from walta to sound. 

 slmekshita to save, deliver ; from kshita to escape (Mod.), 

 shnikanua to let ripen; from noka, nuka to ripen. 

 spidsha to drag behind; from I'dsha to carry along. 

 spfka to draw, pull out; from ika to remove from. 

 st6pela to peel the bark off, lit. "to make dry above"; from u- above, p/ila 



to dry up. 

 hashtawa to starve out; from stawa to be famished. 

 h(ishla to exhibit, shoiv ; from shlea to see. 

 hushnoxa to bake, cook; from Simula to parch. 



More examples will be found under "Anathesis", pages 278. 279, and 

 List of Prefixes. 



7. The intransitive voice. 



Verbs which carmot take a direct object or complement, and therefore are 

 not susceptible of being used in a passive sense, are called intransitive. In 

 this language they are inflected in the same manner as transitive and other 

 verbs as to tense and mode, and some can assume a causative and a medial 



