IMPERSONAL VEEB. 429 



pala to he dry, and to dry up. 



shipnu to he full of air, wind, and to be haughty. 



skuya to he crooked, humphached, and to mash, bray. 



8. The impersonal voice. 



Impersonal verbs have for a formal subject the indefinite, neuter pro- 

 noun it, for which no equivalent exists in Klamath. Here the impersonal 

 verb is, therefore, expressed by the simple form of the verb, which inflects 

 for tense, mode, vei'bals, and severalty. There are two distinct series of 

 impersonal verbs — such as take no direct object, and such as possess a 

 direct or indirect personal object. 



A. — Objectless impersonal verbs chiefly refer to phenomena of nature, to 

 the changes in the atmosphere, of the seasons etc. 



ydwa the north wind is blowing ; lit. "it is howling." 



lemdna it is thundering ; lit. "it is rolling." 



lua it is foggy, misty, hazy. 



mua the wind blows from the south (muat) 



paisha, tgiwa it is sultry weather. 



pAta it is summer, it is hot weather. 



sha'hlmal^a the fall of the year is at hand. 



shgvi'mla, Mod. tchgu'mna it is freezing, frost is forming. 



skua it is spring-time ; lit. "it is sprouting." 



shvu'ntka. Mod. tchviintka hoar-frost is forming 



we'n ice is forming, it is freezing or frozen. 



The following objectless verbs are compounds of gi to he, exist, and do 

 not indicate natural phenomena. They may connect with an indirect per- 

 sonal object : 



ke'gi, ka'gi there is nothing, it disappears, it is scarce (Mod. kii'gi and 



ka'ka). 

 Idki (for le ha gi) it is gone, it is missing. 



B. — Impersonal verbs with personal object chiefly describe bodily sen- 

 sations of temperature, hunger or thirst, health or infirmity, and a few also 

 refer to mental or moral qualities. A few also simultaneously appear as 



