THE SUBSTANTIVE NOUN. 461 



shewana nu raa'lsh tala, watsag, lii'gs, ampu, tclmle'ks, iwani, pala-ash 

 I (five you money, dogs, slaves, several cups or pails of water, several 

 pieces of meat, a quantity of berries, bread. 



Form or exterior is described not only in the verl), but in the noun 

 also in the sentences following : 



luti'sh nu lut;(a I pick a berry, round fruit. 

 utish nil ut;^a I pick a lomj-shaped fruit. 

 liiash lu3-a'ga the foy lifts. 

 liiash liidshna the fay is moving. 



THE SUBSTANTIVE. 



The substantive belongs to that division of speech which we call the 

 noun, and is the most important representative of it. Outside of the sub- 

 stantive noun, the other nominal forms are the adjective noun, which in tlie 

 Klamath language also embodies the indefinite verbal in -sh and the past 

 participle in -tko, the numeral noun, and the pronoun. A few postpositions 

 are also formed by means of nominal cases. Tiie Klamath verb, which is 

 a noun-verb, partakes more of the quality of a noun than the noun does of 

 the nature of the verb. In fact, only a limited number of Klamath sub- 

 stantives (no adjectives) can assume a temporal character through the suffix 

 -uish ; these are all derivatives of verbs, nomina vcrhalia, and we are free to 

 consider them as verl.>al forms or as nouns, though, in English, substantives 

 will render their meaning more accurately than any verbal form. In the 

 substantive of the Algonkin languages the verb-character is more apparent. 



The grammatic categories which we distinguish in the Klamath noun 

 are case, gender, and number (in the form of severalty). But gender be- 

 comes apparent onl\' in the substantive and a few pronouns; severalty is 

 not distinguished in a portion of the pronouns and substantives. Case 

 alone appears in all the four species of the noun. 



In regard to the classification of the various kinds of substantives, I 

 intend to use the same terms as the English granmiarians. Substantives 

 are either concrete or abstract; the concrete are either generic or specific. 



