462 GKAMMAU OV TllK KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



Proper names and names of species will be included in the specific class; 

 collective nouns mainly belong to the class of generic terms. 



As regards derivation, a, maj(M-ity of the substantives are derived fi-om 

 the same bases which form verbs, by means of the universal nouti-makiiig 

 suffix -sli (-ash, -ish etc). The prefixes occurring in substantives are iden- 

 tical with those occin-ring in the verb. 



I shall consider the morphology of the substantive under the following 

 headino-s: (I) Gender; (2) Absolute and distributive form; (3) Inflection 

 for case; (4) Derivation. 



I. ANIMATE AND INANIMATE GENDER. 



The language makes a general distinction between what I call animate 

 bein<i's and inanimate objects of nature, but does not draw the limit between 

 the two with accuracy. Both classes show the same affixes in the subjective 

 and in most of the other cases, and resemble each other largely, the main 

 point of distinction being in the objective case. To form this case, the ani- 

 mate gender appends -ash to the subjectwe case, while the inanimate forms it like 

 the suhjectiiie case. Other points of distinction are that the animate gender 

 lacks the suffix -tat, -at as a locative suffix, and seldom uses the suffix -tka. 



The animate gender is made up, grammatically speaking, of the follow- 

 ino- classes of substantive nouns: Generic terms for and proper names of men 

 and women, quadrupeds, the genii and miraculous beings of Indian mythol- 

 ogy, and many inanimate objects when mentioned in mythic tales. Terms 

 of relationship ending in -p do not assume the mark of the olrjective case. 



The inanimate gender includes the generic and specific names for birds, 

 fishes, and the lower animals; foi' all plants, as trees, weeds, bulbs, etc.; for 

 the objects of inorganic nature; for the portions and limbs of the ]nnn;in 

 and animal body; as well as all collective nouns, whether applied to inani- 

 mate objects or not, and the abstract nouns. 



Wher- adjectives, numerals, oi- participles are joined to substantives to 

 (pialify them, their ending -sh remains the same in the objective case, whether 

 the noun they qualify represents an animate or an inanimate olyect. 



Some exceptions to the above rules occur, to be mentioned under the 

 case-ending -ash, which are not easily accounted for. The more general 



