464 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



number can be declared by the distributive form of the verb. The same 

 may be done when it is the object of a transitive verb, in case each one of 

 the objects is acted upon separately. 



With a few exceptions, to be pointed out below, the distributive form 

 of substantives marks severalty, not plurality, as shown by several instances 

 on page 262 sq. It follows from this that the absolute form of the sul)- 

 stantive points to the sing-ular no more than to the dual or plural, and that 

 the distributive stands also eitlier for the sing-ular or for tlie (hial oi- plural. 

 Thus tiit is one tooth or many teeth, d. tutat each of the single teeth or each col- 

 lection of teeth; pt'tcli the foot, a foot, one foot, or the feet, feet, many feet, d. 

 ])c'patch each foot, each pair of feet, each pair or lot (f pairs, or lot (f feet ; 

 tapa-x leaf or leaves, d. tatpax each leaf every leaf for itself, each lot of leaves. 



Connected with this is another peculiarity of the language — tlie lack of 

 any term that could be construed as repi-esenting our definite and indefinite 

 article. Only the run of the sentence can teach us whether a tootli or the 

 tooth, whether squirrel or the or a squirrel is meant, but usually there is no 

 doubt about this matter. Thus the very use of the distributive form points 

 to certain objects held in view or mentioned in the context, and suggests 

 the use of our the; demonstrative pronouns and particles also point to defi- 

 nite objects. The numeral na'dsh, na'sh means one, d. nanash every sinyle 

 one, and sometimes corresponds to our indefinite article. If quantitv or 

 number has to be specified, a numeral or adjective will serve the purpose. 

 Thus duality is indicated by lapi, la'p tivo, hipuk both; plurality by any 

 numeral above two, or by tiimi many, tumiaga a fetv only, nanuk all, every 

 one, nanka some, a few. 



Among the almost countless number of substantives in the language, 

 tiiere is a class wliich does not redu[)licate at all, another thai appears only 

 in the distributive form, another embodying the names of relationship, etc. 

 All these special classes will be discussed hereafter. 



We can distinguish the following different modes of reduplication in 

 substantives: 



1. The regular form occurs in substantives of an abstract as well as of 

 a concrete signification: anku tree, d. a-anku; bnnuish drinker, d. bubanuish; 

 kisli untruth, lie, d. ki'kish. 



