FORMATION OF THE CASES. 469 



A majority of all the Klamath substantives preserve throughout their 

 case-inflection the final sound which they possess in the subjective case. 

 Those which do not conform to this rule are some nouns in -sh (-s) and -p 

 (-ap, -ip); they drop this final consonant, or place a vowel between the 

 ending and the case-suffix. Substantives ending in -u (-o) and in -i (-e) 

 frequently insert the semivocalic w or y between the two. Substantives 

 whose subjective case ends in -am, -lam have this ending unchanged through 

 all cases, except those mentioned on page 476. 



Instances of these changes are as follows: 



pd-ip daughter, obj. p^ya, poss. p^yalam. 



p'tishap ./?/^/w"/', obj. p'tisha. 



(idshash milk, breast, poss. ^dsham. 



latchash hdfje, house, poss. latcham, cf. 77, 4; loc. latchashtat, 83, 3. 



paishash cloud, poss. paisham. 



tupakshij} younger sister, obj. tupakshash, poss. tupaksham. 



tchashish skunk, poss. tchasham. 



kAlo, kalu clear sky, loc. kal6wat and kalo wash tat. 



kta-i stone, rock, instr. ktayatka and ktsi-itka. 



kako bone, instr. kak6watka. 



lepuinsh (for I^puinash) frying-pan ; instr. lepuinatka. 



n(ip hand, instr. n^patka (as if from ndpa or nepash). 



petch/oo^, instr. ptitchtka and p^tsatka. 



shu'p, sho'p soap, instr. shupatka. 



In the possessive case, the nouns terminating in -a, -a, -e assume the 

 suffix -lam instead of -am, while the others, following either the vocalic or 

 consonantic inflection, take -am. Thus all the diminutives in -aga, -ak, -ka, 

 -k show -lam in their possessive case, and this is even found exceptionally 

 in \iai\\\vi feather-mantle, fur-dress, poss. kailiulam. Thus we inflect: 



ko-e, k6-a toad, poss. k6alam. 

 skule, skulii lark, poss. skulelam. 

 tala dollar, money, poss. talalam. 

 watchaga, wAtchag dog, poss. watchagalam. 



