472 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



the circumstance that the southern dialect has lu'shuakshash man, husband, 

 snawt'dshasli wife in the subjective and objective cases, while the northern 

 or Klamath Lake dialect oftener shows hishuaksh' and snawedsh, api)end- 

 ing the -ash in the objective case only. The same can be said of the two 

 verbs to marry, which are derived from these terms. 



But -ash, as pointed out above, forms the objective case of such sub- 

 stantives only as designate persons and quadrupeds, and in rapid conversa- 

 tion or narrative is sometimes dropped even in these; cf watch for watchash 

 horse, 127, 9; hihassuaksh Moatuash, for hihassuakshash Moatuashash Fit 

 River men, 20, 2. The objective case is identical with the subjective case in 

 collective and in abstract terms, and in the names for birds, amphibians, fish, 

 and the animals inferior to these ; in the names for plants and their organs, 

 for inanimate things, for limbs of the body, human or animal. Nevertheless 

 frequent exceptions to the rule here established may be met with in the more 

 archaic form of speech noticed in mythic stories and in song-lines, in which 

 the rhythm of the verse at times produces them. The form tchipshash in 

 146, 3 (instead of tchipash) is exceptional. 



Diminutive nouns of the animate class, except when designating per- 

 sons, do not append -ash in the objective case, whether mentioned in archaic 

 texts or not,^ nor do the terms for relationship ending in -p (-ap, -ip). As 

 instances we mention only inantchakash old man, mukaksh (also mukak) 

 hahe, to which may be added : watchagash do(). 



Tupakship younger sister forms tiipakshash, because it is usually abbre- 

 viated to tiipaksh in the subjective case. The regular form for these nouns 

 in -p is: p'gisliap mother, p'gfsha (obj ) the mother and to the mother. Washla 

 chipmunk does not change in the objective case, though we would expect 

 wj'ishlash, 110, 8. 9. 



Examples of direct object expressed by -ash or its abbreviations: 

 a. Persons and quadrupeds: 



Tftak maklakshash kti'ipka Tifak slapped an Indian. 

 mu'tchga nu hun hishuakshash / hate that man. 



' Of. Note to Texts, p. 90, 7, aud Texts 90, 7. 10. 



'Hence the geniua of the language considers them as of the inanimate order. 



