480 GRAMMAR OF TDE KLAMATU LANGUAGE, 



kiifla, for kiiilatat upon the ground, earth. When -tat appears as -ta, it is not 

 always easily distinguished from the abbreviated -tala, -tana ; when as -at, 

 it will be remembered that -ti and -tka, -atka abbreviate in the same manner. 

 The form -ut may be a transposition of -tn, or an abbreviation of -utat ; in 

 each case the -u- marks either distance from the speaker or height above 

 the ground. Some subjective cases are formed by -tat, -at, especially in 

 local names and in such terms as ka'mat hack. The sound -t in the adjec- 

 tival suffix -tkni is, as remarked previously, a remnant either of the case- 

 suffix -ti or of -tat. As will be gathered from the List of Prefixes and 

 Suffixes, the t- in -tat or'ujinally referred to something standing erect, either 

 animate or inanimate ; but -tat is now referring almost exclusively to things 

 of the inanimate world, and rarely to persons. In the nasalized form of 

 -ant, -nt it appears iti adjectives, pronouns, postpositions, and adverbs. 



Tlie functions to which this suffix may be applied are quite varied and 

 numerous. 



1. It marks a stay within, a resting inside of, or on, upon, hi/ something ; 

 it implies no motion, and corresponds exactly to the Latin i)i with the 

 ablative case. 



pagashtat mii'lk wa worms live in ivct ground. 



welwashtat nil tchalika / sit here by the water-spring, 1 73 ; 5. 



ktayat gitko staging in the rocks 



ka'sh m(^ya shaigatat theg dug ipo-hulhs on the prairie, 109, L 



kaluashtat nu tchutchna / am croaking up in the sky, 162 ; 4. 



kladshat tch(i-u gshikla an antelope lay in the clearing, 126, 6. 



sue-ushtat takeldas gi there is cork on the fish-line. 



pakshtat tulish stem of tobacco-pipe, lit. "handle in the pipe." 



We observe it also in postpositions, like ginntant on this side of, guni- 

 kshtant on the opposite side of. 



In several proper names of localities -tat has assumed the function of 

 a subjective case : 



1^^-ushtat Tide or Modoc Lake. 



Koketat Lost River; any large water-course. 



