THE DIRECTIVE CASE. 489 



Nak(5sksiks at the Dam or River Barrage. 

 Vul41kshi=gishi' at Cottomvood Creek, Mod., 38, 6. 7. 



Instance of the -u- form : 

 Slankoshksu'ksi at the Old-Bridge site. 



13. Directive case in -tala. 



This case-postposition, abbr. -tal, -ta, is a combination of the two pro- 

 nominal elements ta and la, which we find to be the components of a large 

 number of affixes. It is most generally' connected with verbs of motion, 

 and corresponds to our to, toivard; the name directive, which I have applied 

 to it, referring only to direction in space. It is connected with the names 

 of the cardinal points of the horizon, and also with names of tall or large- 

 sized objects, and the original use made of this particle seems to have been 

 that of pointing to objects visible at long distances. Herein it differs from 

 -^e'ni and -kshi, which refer more frequently to objects upon the ground. 

 It also forms adverbs and postpositions. Nouns inflected with it may be 

 used as subjective cases, especially when they become the names of dis- 

 tricts or countries, and then they can form derivatives. Tala, in the d. form 

 tatala, also occurs as a word for itself: right ahead, straight out, and, correctly. 

 A derivative of it, talaak, d. tatalak, has the same adverbial signification. The 

 adjective p'laitalantni is formed from the locative case of p'laitala upward, sky- 

 ward. The substantives muat south and ydwat east are originally abbrevia- 

 tions from muatala and y^watala. 



amputala kayahia to cut off from water; ellipsis for "to preclude from 



going to the water", 42, 20. 

 E-ukshitala toward the Klamath Lake settlements. 

 hataktala toward that spot; tushtala? in what direction? 

 yamatala northward; contr. from yAmat-tala. 

 ktaitala wiga gena sha they went a short way into the rocks. 

 laliilashtala on, through both flanks, 156, 32. 

 lupitala eastward; cf lupitahlni eastern. 

 t^dlamtala westward; the west portion of Oregon. 



