DERIVATION OF SUBSTANTIVES. 497 



1. Derivation from a verb with all its prefixes and derivational suffixes, 

 adding to it only a substantiveforming suffix. Ex.: latchash and latchaksh 

 from latcha. 



2. Derivation from a noun through addition of a substantive-forming 

 suffix. Ex.: kiiilash from kiiila. 



3. Derivation from a radical sijUahle, or a thematic radical, through addi- 

 tion of a formative suffix which is not of an exclusively nominal nature, 

 Ex. : vun from wiia, vua. 



4. A verb becomes a substantive without any other change save that of 

 assuming case-suffixes. Ex.: vumi. 



Of these different modes of derivation, the first is the one which forms 

 nomina verbalia, the origin of which need not be discussed here at length, 

 as it would be a mere repetition of the derivation of verbs. Some of the 

 longest substantives belong to this class, as hishtilankanke-o'tkish Jioop as a 

 plaything ; shuashulaliampkish ivatchman. The verbs to which these nouns 

 belong are either traceable in the language as spoken at present, or, if they 

 have disappeared from it, they can be reconstructed without difficulty ; but 

 Avhile doing so, students should always recall what is said on page 253 of 

 this Grammar concerning the formation of verbs and nouns. 



The second mode is of less frequent occurrence in Klamath, or in any 

 other language, than the first. We may classify under this heading the sub- 

 stantives formed by secondary inflection, as watiti metal, fi'om wati knife- 

 blade; all the names of plants and trees in -am, -lam, the diminutives in 

 -aga, -ak, -ga etc; also a number of tribal and local names. 



The vao^t ^primitive substantives, as far as their form is concerned, are 

 those formed by mode No. 3, and, but for their case-suffixes, many of them 

 could not be discerned from verbs or other words by their exterior shape. 

 We find among them many nouns that end in -k, -1, -t, or in vowels, -a, -a 

 (-e), -i, -u, for which instances can be seen in our List of Suffixes. They 

 are all of a concrete signification, a circumstance which testifies to their 

 antiquity. We may classify under this heading also the nouns formed by 

 abbreviation of some verbal basis, unless we choose to make a special class 

 of these. Ex. : ka'k male organ, from keka ; ktchak mother of pearl shell, from 

 ktchalk, ktchal^a ; shki (/ray hawk, from skedshatko ; ske'l marten, from 



