NAMES OF PERSONS. 501 



term for fish. No real term exists for animal, quadruped, and ^^/a«i. Trees 

 are called dnku by Modocs and Klamath Lakes, ko'sh by Klamath Lakes 

 (really "pitch pine"); shrubs are Anku also; weeds, and other plants gi'owing 

 near the soil, tch^lash, "stalk"; all the grasses tcheilash, and kshii'n "what 

 is carried on the arms." Various terms are used to describe fruits by their 

 form: iwam, Ibuka, lutish, I'ltish, etc. Generic terms exist for mountain, 

 river, and jjlain, but none for our term valley. Cf. also the Table on page 

 145 (Texts). 



The collective nouns of this language present nothing of special interest, 

 neither are they formed by any special mode of derivation, except those 

 exhibiting the adjectival suffix -ni: "referring to", or "all that kind of", 

 mentioned elsewhere. This suffix reduplicates as -nini, and is a specimen 

 of the brevity of expression so often met with in this language. 



Diminutive nouns are derived from other nouns by the special suffix 

 -aga, which appears under varying forms, and in a restricted number of 

 substantives is found duplicated: vunakaga little son;^ -ia is possibly an- 

 other diminutive suffix. No special suffix forms exist for the formation of 

 augmentative, intensive, or enhancive substantives. 



3. The names of persons and personified beings. 



These are not sex-denoting, and if sex must be pointed out, it is done 

 by adding the terms for man, boy, woman, girl, etc. Neither is the gender 

 marked in the pronoun by special pronouns, and Klamath has this feature 

 in common with many other North American languages. In regard to deri- 

 vation several classes may be distinguished, some of which possess special 

 suffixes. 



a. Substantives naming a person as engaged in some act at the time 

 being: nomina agentis. Derived from verbs by means of -sh, sometimes by 

 -ank, -an, and standing in the absolute, unreduplicated form. 



b. Substantives naming a person represented as the performer of an 

 action, generally of a repeated or habitual action : nomina actoris. Derived 

 from verbs by -ash, -ish, -6tkisli. Nomina agentis, when changing from the 

 absolute to the distributive or reduplicated form, become nomina actoris. 



' Other instances of substantives witli duplicate diminutive endings are paisbkaga little cloud, 

 an nkasbki^ga belly, if this stands for nkashka-^ga, transformed by vocalic dissimilation. 



