502 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



c. Substantives indicative of provenience, nativity, tribal descent, or 

 origin of persons or personified beings: nomhia yentUUia. They are origi- 

 nally and simultaneously adjectives, with the endings -kish, -kni, and 

 -wash. 



d. Substantives expressing the degrees of relationship by blood or 

 marriage, in the descending and in the ascending line: nomina a£iHitut'is 

 Formed by the prefix p- and by the suffix -p (-ap, -ip), a few by -sh; they 

 exhibit two modes of forming the distributive or plural number. They are 

 in fact i^erhs, and this explains it why in some of the oblique cases they are 

 not inflected ; only the subjective, the possessive and the postpositional cases 

 have the case-suffixes of substantives. 



e. Proper names of persons, male and female: nomina propria. No 

 special mode of derivation exists for deriving these names from their pa- 

 rents' or some other appellation, though the name of the father is placed 

 after that of the child (e. g., WawjiliksSkaititko) in exfe])tional cases. 

 Mixed-blood descent is indicated by t;j;'ilamni halj] or by the suffix -aga. 

 Steamboat Frank was called so after his mother, and the children usually 

 get no names before they are able to speak. Many male Indians have 

 more than one name — one given in early years, the others referring to their 

 occupation or to some other circumstance. The personal names of tlie two 

 tribes often depict the bodily qualities of their owners very drastically, and 

 would make an interesting subject for a separate treatise. Some of them 

 are diminutives, others binary and ternar}^ compounds or embodying whole 

 phrases, and a few are borrowed from languages foreign to Klamath. 



4. The names of animals. 



Though often difficult to trace to their true origin, these are frequently 

 nomina agcntis, as ndiikish, a species of haivh, from nduka to hit; or they 

 are nomina actoris, and then are often formed by distributive reduplication, as 

 mun<4na=tatamnuish a mole-species, from tanienu. The numerous onomato- 

 poetic forms which occur in so many bird-names, as tiiktukuash, waiwash, 

 may be classed as nomina actoris also. Butterflies are mostly called by 

 reduplicative names, as ktipkap, walwilekash, wekwak, from the motion or 

 position uf their wings, and it will be observed that in the majority of Ian- 



