DEMONSTRATIVE PRJNOUN. 537 



with relational affixes, and with 'words expressing relation, as conjunctions, 

 postpositions, and adverbs. As to the pronouns, they are all derived from 

 this kind of roots^ if we except a few so-called "indefinite pronouns", as 

 tumi many, nanuk all. Originally, all true pronominal roots were of a 

 demonstrative or deictic signification, whatever their signification may be 

 at the present time. I shall therefore treat of them before I treat of the 

 other pronouns. 



Tlie class of pronouns in which the pronominal radix has not altered, 

 or has but slightly altered, its demonstrative power is the demonstrative 

 pronoun. Interrogatice pronouns, formed from the deictic roots ka and ta, 

 differ from the relative pronoun in their suffixes only, and form the inter- 

 mediate link between the demonstrative and the relative pronoun, wliich, 

 as it appears in this language, is simultaneously a demonstrative-relative. 

 The demonstrative, interrogative, and relative pronouns referring to animate 

 beings often differ from those referring to inanimate things. Tiie indefinite 

 pronoun is half pronoun, half adjective, and most pronouns of this class are 

 derived from pronominal roots. The personal pronoun contains a demon- 

 strative radix applied to persons specially, and the possessive, reflective, and 

 reciprocal pronouns are derivatives of the personal pronoun. This and some 

 of the demonstrative pronouns do not reduplicate distributively, as the 

 other pronouns do, but form real plurals like these. 



I. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN. 



Indians and other illiterate peoples point out with graphic accuracy 

 the degree of proximity or distance in space separating the speaker from 

 the one spoken of or spoken to by means of their demonstrative pronouns or 

 ])articles, by the third person of the personal pronoun, and by some verbal 

 forms. This well-known fact is stated here once for all ; it is one of the 

 more prominent peculiarities of our upland language also. 



The roots which form demonstrative pronouns in Klamath are pi, hu, ku 

 (gu), ka (ga), and ke (ge). Ke marks close proximity, and reappears in 

 kd-u, ge-u mine, mij ; hu marks distance within sight and beyond sight; ku 

 distance beyond sight or far off; while ka forms a transition from the demon- 

 strative to the indefinite pronoun, and also gives origin to interrogative 

 jjronouns. Pi, pi. pat, sha will be spoken of under Personal Pronoun. 



