538 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



The demonstrative pronouns formed from tlie roots ne and ta may as well 

 be considered ;is indefinite pronouns. 



The suffixes appended to the above radices mark the degree of distance, 

 and in many instances distinguish the animate from the inanimate gender 

 which in the following list are presented in separate columns. Two other 

 pronouns pi and sha were added for comparison, pi being used (in the 

 northern dialect chiefly) for persons and animals standing in the singular, 

 pat for the same in the plural number, sha for persons only. 



List of demonstrative pronouns in the subjective case. 



Animate. Inanimate. 



</ii» (so near as to bo touched) ke'ku ke'ku 



this (close by, " right here") keU ; gc'k hflnk ; ge, ke, pi. ke'ksba geu ; ge, ke ; g^u bduk 



g(3tuii, g(5nii 



JAia (standing, being before you) bA't, pi. hu'dsha hft'nu 



</)i« (present, visible, within sight) hfl'uk, pi biid-sha, sha hun, hiiuu, hflnk 



that (visible, though distant) hfl't, pi. hil'dsha; guni; sha hfln, hftt, hi'iuu, gdu 



</(at (absent) hiikt, pi. hiiktsha; pi, pi. pat, sha hft'nkt 



(ftat (absent, departed) ue'g. P'. ne'gsha; Mod. nag, pi. nil'gsha 



thai (beyond sight) hfl'k, ft'k, hQ'kta, pi. huksha; hiVukt, pi. hflk, fl'k, hft'kta 



hft'uktsha ; guni ; pi, pi. pat, sha 



Where the Klamath Lake dialect has hu'k, hinik, hu't in the singular, 

 the Modoc dialect ordinarily uses hu instead. The suffix -ta, abbr. -t, refers 

 not only to persons, but also to inanimate things standing upright, while 

 inanimate objects seen upon the ground are indicated by the transitional 

 particle -n (-na, -nu), forming no plural. 



Some of these pronouns are easily confounded with demonstrative 

 adverbs of local or temporal import, as both are pronounced alike (hu, 

 huk, hunk, etc.). 



Demonstrative pronouns do not form all the cases of the nominal par- 

 adigm. I therefore present here all the forms heard from the natives 

 speaking both dialects, and beg to observe that all these forms also corre- 

 spond to our personal pronouns he, she, and, when impersonal, to if. 



ke, ge this here; Latin : hicce, hocce; poss. kelam, kt'lem ; dir. gt'tala. 



ke'k, ge'g, ge'k, ga'g this, is the above ke in the reduplicated form^ 

 the second vowel being apocopated; Lat. hie, hoc; Gr. outoOi- 

 Obj. case ke'kish, gL'kish, ge'ksli ; poss. kekelam, ki'kelem. PI. 

 ke'ksha, ge'ksha ; j)Oss. kekelamshauf, abbr. into sham. 



