THE POSTPOSITION 553 



(for nat-tak), a'tak (for a'ttak), patak (for pat=tak). This particle is also 



appended emphatically to some other pronouns, as kanitak ! kanitoks ! tvho 



thenf ke'tok, ke lish tok she certamU/, 189 ; 7. An emphatic form is also 



ike, dki for thou; lit. "thou here." 



Another series of emphatic pronouns is formed by the suffixed particle 



t a 1 a, abbr. tal, tal, which expresses amazement, surprise, and is not always 



translatable in English. Thus we find : tuatala? what thenf what after all f 



158 ; 56. 173 ; 3 ; which kind thenf 112, 2. 5. 12 ; ka tal (for kani tala) ? who 



thenf 1S9 ; 7. Appended to an adverb, it occurs in 110, 10; hu'-utak tala ! 



none hat he, or it was himself! 173; 3. When tala follows personal and 



possessive pronouns, it means alone: nu tala I alone; ge-u tala p'ti'shap your 



father alone; mitala steinash only your heart. This definition "alone" is only 



a specific application of tlie more general function of this particle : hut, only, 



solely. 



THE POSTPOSITION. 



The postpositions correspond, iu regard to their signification, to the 

 prepositions of Grennanic languages, the separable as well as the insepa- 

 rable, but differ from these as to their position in the sentence. They are 

 usually placed after, and not before, the noun they govern ; hence their 

 name. Their natural position is after their complement, although it is 

 neither incorrect nor unfrequent to place them before it, here as well as in 

 other languages of America. The cause of this is that many of them are in 

 reality verbs, or derived from verbs, the usual position of which is at the end 

 of the sentence, unless for reasons of rhetoric another position be assigned to 

 them. Through the law of analogy, the other postpositions which are not of 

 verbal descent have assumed the same subsequent position, a circumstance 

 justifying the appellation oi postposition given to these parts of Indian speech 

 in preference to that of preposition. 



Although the derivation of some postpositions is uncertain, many are 

 undoubtedly derived from pronominal roots and formed through nominal 

 case-endings. Their number is considerable, and this has prompted me to 

 place the chapter on "Postpositions" just after that on "Pi'onouns." It is 

 chiefly this class of postpositions which is as frequently found standing 

 before ils complement as after it, especially when their length does not 



