THE ADVERB. 561 



Adverbs show no inflection, if we except the distributive form, which 

 occurs in some of their number. The gradation of adverbs is more imper- 

 fect than that of adjectives. 



As to derivation, one portion of adverbs is formed of pronominal roots, 

 which affix different formative suffixes to themselves, cases of the nominal 

 inflection used in a temporal sense, adje(;tival suffixes like -ni, etc., or appear 

 in the a])Ocopated form of certain adjectives- ati hir/h,far , wenni stranije and 

 stranijely ; wika low. Another portion of adverbs is derived from predicative 

 radices. Many of these are forming adjectives also; the adverb then repre- 

 sents the radix without the adjectival ending. Others are verbs, with the 

 suffix -a, appearing as adverbs. 



Some adverbs are at the same time postpositions and conjunctions, and 

 in a few cases it is even difficult to decide to whicli one of these three forms 

 of speech a certain particle belongs. 



A gradation is effected for the comparative and minuitive by syntactic 

 means, \iz., by placing two sentences in opposition to each ot]ier,-just as it 

 is done with the adjective. Disjunctive conjunctions are not always used 

 for this purpose, and such terms as "more" or "less" do not exist. Another 

 moile to effect gradation is to affix -ak to the adverb, a particle which serves 

 for many other uses beside: 



Moatuash lupiak Miidokishash kddshika the Pit River Indians became 

 exhausted sooner than the Modocs. 



m'na u'nakag mu'ak t'shi'sht for the time wJien his little son ivoidd grow 

 taller, 109, 13. 



The object compared stands in the objective case in the first example, 

 and in the gradation of the adjective we observe the same thing. 



Enhancive particles, like ka-a very, mu and tum much, largely, joined 

 t(t an adverb will place it into what we call siiperlative. 



The distributive form, which some of the adverbs possess, and which is 

 rather iiifrequent with some others, is formed in the sam3 manner as in the 

 verb and noun, as will appear from t.ia fallowing instances: 



M6dokni laki litchlitch shcllual the Mod^c chief fought bravely 



M(5dokni lilatchlitch sh<^llual nanuk of the Modocs every man fought 



bravely 

 36 



