576 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



Klaniatli is among the languages possessed of a true substantive- verb, 

 the inflection of which is well-nigh as complete as that of any other noun- 

 verb pertaining to this language. Its pi'esence accounts for tlie relative 

 scarcity of attributive verbs, like kclpka to he hot, nia'sha and shila to he sick, 

 slniiilka to he warm, tchkawa to he cold. It is the only auxiliary verb of the 

 language in forming periphrastic and other conjugational forms (cf -uj'ipka 

 of tlie future tense). But besides the abstract signification of to he, the verb 

 gi has other meanings of a more concrete nature — to heconie; to helong to ; to 

 do, perform; to saij — all of which, together with the origin of gi, have been 

 discussed at length in a chapter of Morphology. Here we are concerned 

 only in the signification to he, though the earlier meaning of a casual, acci- 

 dental existence is still as frequently implied by it as that of real, essentia 

 existence. The various definitions are exemplified at length in the Dic- 

 tionary and Morphology. In periphrastic conjugation, gi is the real sub- 

 stantive verb ; in other connections, it is sometimes replaced by tchia to sit, • 

 stay, live, dwell, in sentences like the following: 



pi a tchia tchish^eni he is at home. 



nalam p'tishap, kat p'lai tchia our Father, who is ahove, 139, 1. 



In short sentences, rapidly spoken, it is often omitted by ellipse: 



kalam hiit unak? whose hoy is thisf 

 kalam i-utilaf whose is that thing helowf 

 ki'ilam getantl whose is the thing on this side? 

 kalam ge p'le'ntan? whose is the thing here on the topf 

 kaknt'gatko mi shuhStish your dress is dirty. 



Further instances of the various uses of the verb gi, not previously 

 mentioned, are as follows: 



(I) gi to he, of casual existence; the Spanish estar: 

 hut snawedsh ktii gi k'lekenapkuk that woman is so sick that she will die. 

 E-uJiskni toks lapl'k (for la'pi gi) but of the Lake men, there were two. 

 hitak a kt-knish gi ati here heavy snows have fallen. 

 ha ko-idshi waw/ikish gi when the ears are misshaped, 91, 8. 

 tii kdtan hi ki ! over there at the lodge she is, I suppose. Mod. 



