PAST AND PLUPERFECT TENSE. 583 



hiik, hunk, hiln, and lin, designating tlie past tense. These adverbs are 

 locative and temporal simultaneously*, their use implying the idea that 

 what is performed in places locally distant is temporally distant also when- 

 ever it comes to be spoken of. Therefore their use is not strictly limited 

 to the past, but applies also to other relations distant in time; cf. 105, 8. 



hu'k refers to acts performed in presence or absence of the one speak- 

 ing or supposed to speak. 



hunk refers to acts performed or states undergone near to or far away 

 from the one speaking. 



hun refei's to acts performed on inanimate things, present or visible. 

 It also refers to thoughts and abstract ideas. 



hu in Modoc stands for all the three above-named particles of the Kla- 

 math Lake dialect, which appear in Modoc also, and in the same func- 

 tions. 



The above-named particles are often connected with or replaced by 

 other adverbs, as tchui, nia, una, tak, toksh. With tchi'ii, they form com- 

 poimds, like tchiiyuk (tchui lu'ik), tchii'yunk (Kl.), tch'hii'nk, tchu'nk 

 (Mod.), and others. Cf. pages 402-404. 



tarn haitch insh hunk 161a tchiii? did you believe me then? 



ndani waitulan nia mi sudntch kayeke ifoitr hahij died three days ago, 



Mod. 

 nnshtoks maklaks shlda people have seen me, Mod. 

 pa-uia toks nil pa'dshit / ate just now, Mod. 

 una nu pa-ula / ate some time ago. 



i nush tula hunk wudiika hunksh you and I struck him. 

 i unk (for hiink) ha'ma you were shouting. 



B. — Pluperfect tense. This tense points to the priority of one act to 

 another connected with it syntactically in the same sentence. Although 

 the Klamath has no special form to exjjress this tense, it is clearly pointed 

 out by the logical connection, or by particles, grammatic and derivational 

 forms of the language, in many different ways. 



* Local adverbs and other parncles often assume temporal siguifications. Cf. the adverb always; 

 the German hdufig. 



