PLUPERFECT TENSE. 585 



Keinu'sh i-a'sh tiidshampgli sliu'dshan gankanktchuish KemiihdmlrTi 



carried ivillows on his hack to build a fire after (Ai'shish) had gone 



hunfim/, Mod. 

 noksht-ak sha ktai i'^akpele after stewing, tliey took out the stones again, 



113,2; cf. 113, 9. 

 Aisliish shataldi'ldamna ati at ke'dshisht Aishish looked dotvn constantly 



till after it (the little pine tree) had grotvn tall, 95, 3. 4. 

 Kemu'sh kshelui u'nk me-itkasht hu'nk we-ulii'kash Khnukdmtch lay 



down close to the fire after the ivives (of Aishish) had gone to dig roots, 



Mod. 



(4) Pluperfects may also be rendei-ed by participial forms, the present 

 participle being more frequently used for this purpose than the past participle. 



(a) Present participle in -nk, Mod. -n: 



kayak w^mpglank k'leka having never fully recovered he died, 65, 20. 



Skelamtch shanatchvu'lank nel^a m'na tchiiyesh Old Marten, after tak- 

 ing off his hat, laid it down, 112, 18; cf. 112, 13. 



gtitpamnan kailatat wawal^a having arrived on the ground, they sit dotvn, 

 85, 2. Mod. 



tchi'sh shncl^an shemashla having burnt down the lodge, they remove else- 

 where, 85, 13. Mod. 



This construction is quite analogous to the use made in English of the 

 participle in -ing ; in Frencli of the participle in -ant. 



(b) Past participle in -tko: 



hekshatlekitko k'lexapkash wAtch ge'na the horse ivalks carrying the 

 body; lit. "having been made to carry the body transversely", 

 85, 4. 



gt'l^algitk hu'kanshampele having climbed down he hurried out again, 

 112, 11. 



(5) The most expressive way of rendering the English pluperfect is 

 the use of the completive form in -61a, -ula, which the majority of verbs 

 can assume. Generally the participle in -olank or one of the verbals serves 

 the purpose, and at times the participle present of tliose verbs of motion 

 which can assume the suffix -tka (-tkank. Mod. -tkan) is used instead Cf. 



