USES OF PARTICIPLES. 593 



na'dshak liiik liishuakshlank K'miikamtchasli only one consorted (at that 



time) with Kmukamtch, !)5, 11. 

 mo-6we hunk hutapenan a mole ran past Mm, 127, 1. 



2. The participle in -tko and the morphology of its suffix has been pre- 

 viously described (pages 378 sqq., 408, 447, 451), and it remains now to 

 exemplify its syntactic uses more extensively. I call it past participle, from 

 its prevailing application to past facts or conditions, but it may designate 

 the present tense also whenever it forms verbal adjectives or is used in a 

 possessive sense. In its origin, it is neither active nor passive exclusively, 

 and when forming derivatives from intransitive verbs it is neither the one 

 nor the other. In its nominal inflection, we find not only the simple case- 

 forms, but those of the secondary nominal inflection as well, and it is 

 attributively and predicatively conjugated with the noun it qualifies. 



With the auxiliary verb gi, in all its various verbal forms, the participle 

 in -tko forms a periphrastic conjugation, and this is especially the case 

 whenever the participle is used passively or is formed from an intransitive 

 verb. The gi then assumes, so to say, a demonstrative function. Thus 

 e-ush wetko gi means the lake is frozen, as you and everybody can see, the 

 result being visible to all ; but u-ush wt'tko would simply mention the fact 

 that the lake is frozen. Even when gi is suppressed, the form in -tko is to 

 be regarded as a finite verb, like the usitative form of -nk. Examples: 



k^-isham i k(')gatko you have been bitten by a rattlesnake. 

 tchi'sh ka-i wetk the place in the lodye did not freeze, 111, 21. 



Whenever -tko is construed with gi in the sense of the passive voice, 

 and the logical subject of the periphrastic form is mentioned, this subject 

 is placed in the possessive case in -am (-lam), or, if pronominal, it is intro- 

 duced as a possessive pronoun. Possessive participles ending in -altko, 

 -tko must be considered as circumscribing the participle gitko possessed of, 

 and are construed like this, the object possessed or worn being then con- 

 tained in the word itself Steinshaltko, "having a heart", is equivalent to 

 steinash gitko ; and miV steinshaltko equivalent to mu'uish steinash gitko 



magnavimous ; lit. "having a great heart." In wew(ikalam sha taldshitko 

 38 



