VERBAL INDEFINITE. 599 



wd-ula to allow) shlin. The logical subject contained in sham of them, their, 

 theirs differs from the subject of the verbal indefinite, and also from the 

 grammatic subject of the finite verb, on which the latter depends ; and when 

 the verbal indefinite is made from a transitive verb it has often to be taken 

 in the passive sense, for the possessive case is the case expressing the logi- 

 cal subject of a passive verb. 



But intransitive verbs are also construed in this manner, and transitive 

 verbs may retain their active function, as appears from the passage quoted 

 on page 413. That the form in -sham always indicates a plural subject is 

 made apparent by the signification of the pronoun itself This difficult 

 matter will appear more lucid through the following examples: 



tu' g^na Moatuash k'lewisham at the Pit Biver Indians went away tvhen 

 (the Lake men) had ceased (fighting), 20, 5. Here the intransitive 

 k'lewish (the stoppage, the "act of ceasing") has for its subject 

 the Lake men, not the Pit River Lidians, and this subject is re- 

 ferred to by -sham their, of them: "after the ceasing by them." 



The following examples all contain transitive verbs: 



kcdhaha shlisham he ached because they had wounded (him), 22, 11; lit. 



"he ached, being wounded by them." 

 luks t'shin spil'ntpisham a slave grew up after they had brought (him 



there), 16, 14; lit. "grew up, carried off (or brought) by them" — 



spu'ntpish sham, 

 ndnka gaggiaha peno'dsasam some hid before their pursuers, 17, 14: lit. 



"hid, being followed by them" — by others than the subject of the 



sentence, 

 we'tta kiibatzoisham he laughed when they uncovered (him), 24, 14; lit. 



"he laughed, being uncovered by them." 



C. — The VERBAL INDEFINITE in -SHTi, -STi is of rare occurrence, and the 

 syntactic instance given, page 413, of its causative function shows that the 

 -ti found there really means about, concerning, a function which it shows 

 sometimes when appended to nouns. In the verbal, the additive signification 

 is more frequent, and examples may be found on page 478. In the example 



