VERBALS RECAPITULATED. 611 



number of verLals amounts to twelve. The verbals of the majority of such 

 transitive verbs as can assume a direct object may be used in a passive sense 

 also. 



The verbal in -sh, -s is the only Klamath verbal susceptible of inflec- 

 tion. Whenever the forms in -uish show marks of inflection, they are sub- 

 stantives, and not verbals; when the forms in -liga, -I'lta are inflected, they 

 are verbs, and not verbals. The case-forms of the verbals in -sh are not 

 inflexible; -she'mi, when it turns into a subjective case, cannot any longer 

 be considered as a verbal. 



The verbals which are periphrastically conjugable by means of the 

 substantive verb gi to he and its various inflectional forms, are those in -sh, 

 -shtka, -tki. 



The subject of the verbal has to be identical with the subject of the 

 finite verb of the sentence in the case of -sh, -she'mi, -shtka, -6ga, -iita. It 

 has to difier from it in the case of -sham, -slii, -sht. The subjects of both 

 may diff'er or not differ in the case of -shti, -tki. Whenever the subjects of 

 both differ, the subject of the verbal stands in the objective case, whether 

 nominal or represented by a personal pronoun. When the verbal -sh is 

 used in a passive sense, its nominal subject stands in the possessive case, 

 its pronominal subject in the possessive form of the pronoun. 



Causality is expressed by the verbal in -uga; occasionally by those in 

 -sht, -shti, -tki. 



Duration is expressed by the verbals in -iita and -she'mi; sometimes 

 by those in -sh and -uga. 



Tense is expressed by various verbals — the present by -sh, -she'mi, 

 -shtka; the past by -uish, -sht; the pluperfect by -sh, -sht; the future in 

 some instances by -tki. But this does not exclude that these verbals may 

 be used to mark other tenses besides the ones specialized here. 



THE DISTRIBUTIVE FORM. 



In the earlier periods of the Klamath language the category of number 

 in the noun and noun-verb did not appear to the natives as being of much 

 importance. This is proved by the fact that there are different ways to 

 express number, and in the noun-verb all seem to be of recent origin, with 



